– EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FORMAT The executive summary is a standalone section in a formal report that provides a shortened version of the report and summarizes the key facts and conclusions contained in the report. Sometimes the executive summary is filed separately from the formal report. We will be using a modified form of the executive summary as the report you will turn in for some of the experiments we do this semester. Which experiments require full lab reports and which require executive summaries is shown on the syllabus. Your executive summaries will be “modified” in that you must provide a full discussion of the results and also include an appendix with all data sheets and appropriate calculations. Your executive summary will be similar to the requirements for the lab reports but will leave out the abstract, table of contents, background, and methods and procedures sections from the report. Your executive summary should NOT contain separate sections as is done in the lab report. Instead, it should be written in paragraph format with each section starting in a new paragraph. The executive summary shall contain: a. Title Page b. Background Statement: The background statement (also called the context) connects the lab to real world applications to show you understand the problem and its relevance from an engineering perspective. c. Objectives: A statement of what you are trying to accomplish. Similar to the objectives in a lab report, this section should only contain the technical objectives. d. Scope of Work: A brief description of what you were required to do in the lab. Include general processes but not the details. For example, you should state that strain gage data was collected but you don’t need to provide details about where the strain gages were located or how the data was collected. e. Results and Discussion: This is where you introduce, present and describe the results you obtained in the laboratory. Summarize the data collected and the analysis that is done with that data, giving sufficient detail to justify your conclusions. As in the Results and Discussion section of the full laboratory report, tables and graphs are to be used where necessary to present your data, calculations, and results. Remember that discussion must be provided to describe and explain the data and the significance of the information in the tables and graphs. The purpose of the discussion is to interpret and compare the results. Point out the features and limitation of your work and relate your results to the technical objectives of the lab. Compare your results with theory or accepted formulas and discuss the comparison. Sources of error should be discussed with respect to your findings and the significance of the errors with respect to the objectives of the lab. The Results and Discussion section will follow the same format that was used in the lab report format. f. Conclusions: Unlike in the full lab report, in the executive summary’s conclusions you do NOT repeat the objectives or significant results, as the information was presented in earlier paragraphs of the executive summary. This is where you should write about the “lessons learned” from the laboratory. What were your expected results? Were those results achieved? If not, why not? Have you resolved the problem? Briefly state the logical implications of your results. Suggest further study or applications if appropriate. If you had different constraints in the laboratory, could you have gotten better results? If so, how? g. Appendix: While a typical executive summary would not include an appendix, you are required to submit the original data sheets from lab, derivations, calculations (include at least one complete set of sample calculations), and any other related information which supports the executive summary. VII. Lab #4 Wooden Beam Tests A. Objectives: 1. To study the strength and rigidity of different types of wood. 2. To determine material properties and typical factors of safety for wooden beams. B. References: Western Wood Products Association Websites: www.wwpa.org www.lumberbasics.org www.wwpa.org/techguide C. Background: Structural lumber is graded for its strength and physical working properties; aesthetics are secondary. The basic framing classifications are organized by size classifications and performance capabilities. Dimension Lumber – 2″ to 4″ thick and 2″ (nominal) and wider. Western Dimension Lumber design values, beginning in the Design Values section, are expressed as Base Values. These values must be adjusted for size and repetitive member use, prior to adjusting for other conditions of use. Dimension Lumber grades are divided into the following 3 classifications: structural light framing, light framing, and stud 1. Structural Light Framing (2×2 through 4×4, used where high-strength design values are required in light framing sizes, such as in engineered wood trusses.) Grades are: SELECT STRUCTURAL, No. 1 & BTR (DF-L, DF & Hem-Fir species only), No. 1,No. 2, No. 3 2. Light Framing (2×2 through 4×4, basic framing lumber, as used in most light-frame construction, e.g. wall framing, sills, plates, cripples, blocking, etc.) Grades are: CONSTRUCTION, STANDARD, UTILITY c. Stud (2×2 through 4×18, an optional grade intended for vertical use, as in load bearing walls.) The grade is: STUD Structural Joists & Planks (2×5 through 4×18, intended for engineering applications for lumber 5″ and wider, such as floor and ceiling joists, rafters, headers, small beams, trusses and general framing applications. Grades are: SELECT STRUCTURAL, No.1 & BTR (in Douglas Fir, Douglas Fir-Larch, or Hem-Fir species only.), No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 D. Materials: Wood beam specimens of different types and cross sections Adjustable beam supports, bearing plates, steel scale E. Equipment: Tinius-Olsen testing machine configured for compression testing F. Procedure: For each beam to be tested 1. Measure cross sectional dimensions and compare to nominal dimensions. 2- Position the beam in the Tinius-Olsen machine, to apply a concentrated load “P” at midspan. Use bearing plates between the supports and the wood and between the loading block and the wood. Record the beam span, and distance from supports to the load point. 3. Select the testing software to plot applied load “P” versus deflection at midspan. Apply load slowly until a significant failure occurs. Record ultimate load and sketch and identify the type of failure. G. Calculations: 1- Draw shear and bending moment diagrams as a function of applied load “P.” Where do the peak values for shear and moment occur? 2- Calculate the modulus of rupture for the wood fr = Mc/I at the ultimate load. 3- Using design values for wood in the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction published by the American Forest and Paper Association and the American Wood Council to calculate the factors of safety (modulus of rupture divided by allowable stress) for the bending stresses. Plot the factors of safety as a function of L/h (beam span divided by depth). Discuss any trends you see. 4- Using the formula Δ = PL3/48EI for the maximum deflection at midspan of a simply supported beam with a concentrated load at the midpoint, calculate the theoretical deflection at 25%, 50%, and 100% of ultimate load. Use values for modulus of elasticity E (not E min which is used for beam stability) and moment of inertia I as given in the design aids from the Western Woods Producers (see attached tables). Plot the theoretical deflections from your calculations on the same graph as your experimental load versus deflection plot. Discuss why theoretical deflections should diverge from the experimental deflections as the load increases. 36 37 39 CE206-LAB (wooden beams) Wood beams tested: Douglas fir Larch #2 grade (E=1.6*106 psi, Fb=900 psi) Spruce-Pine-Fir S #1 grade (E=1.2*106 psi, Fb=875 psi) Group A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 Beam Type 2×6 #2 Douglas 2×4 #2 Douglas 2×4 #1 Spruce 2×6 #2 Douglas 2×4 #2 Douglas 2×4 #1 Spruce 2×6 #2 Douglas 2×4 #2 Douglas 2×4 #1 Spruce 2×6 #2 Douglas 2×4 #2 Douglas 2×4 #1 Spruce 2×6 #2 Douglas 2×4 #2 Douglas 2×4 #1 Spruce 2×6 #2 Douglas 2×4 #2 Douglas 2×4 #1 Spruce Orientation on end on end on end on end on end on end on end on end on end flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat Ultimate Load (lb) 3552 1500 2419 3175 2629 2840 5140 1191 2351 2857 950 1470 1357 1636 1116 1399 1101 1443 Span = L = 36″ CF= 1.3 for 6″ and 1.5 for 4″ CFu= 1 for on-end; 1.1 for 4″ flat and 1.15 for 6″ flat Comments Long split on edge throughout length Notched tension failure from knot Shear Split on edge throughout length & notched tension failure from knot Long split on edge throughout length & notched tension failure from knot Split on edge throughout length Horizontal shear parallel to the grain directly under the load point Split in tension at mid-span knot Split in tension Shear Split on edge throughout length & notched tension failure from knot Long split on edge throughout length Split on edge throughout length Long split on edge throughout length Long split on edge throughout length Split in tension at mid-span knot Split in tension Split in tension
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