How to cite scientific papers and approved websites: You’ll format your citations in the following way. Note that ● Your citations should be listed in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name (or web address if you use them in your report.) ● Full last names are given, whereas initials are provided for first and middle names ● All authors are listed in the order in which they appear in the paper. This is important for papers referred to in the text as ‘et al’. ● Author information is followed by the year of publication, then the title of the paper. In the title, only the first word, proper nouns, and genus names are capitalized. ● Then comes the name of the journal, which should not be abbreviated ● Then the volume of that journal, separated from the page numbers of the article by a colon (:) ● Please note all necessary punctuation and spacing in the examples below Gill, S. A., and Stutchbury, B. J. M. 2010. Delayed dispersal and territory acquisition in Neotropical buff-breasted wrens (Thryothorus leucotis). Auk 117:372-378. Krebs, J.R., Kalecnik, A., and Taylor, P. 1978. Test of optimal sampling in foraging birds. Nature 275:27-31. For websites, simply provide the web address and the date you accessed it (since information may change over time). For example: www.kalamazooriver.net. Accessed September 20, 2021. Remember that the internet is full of misinformation. You should rely only on websites from legitimate and respected sources, such as those provided by universities, professional societies, the scientific community (e.g., GBIF, Tree of Life Web Project), and government agencies. Preferably any information you use will be backed up with citations of the original sources. The citations are always provided at the end of the report or assignment, in a section titled ‘Literature Cited’. Citing Sources in the Body of the Paper or Assignment When we are writing and provide information from a source (as is the case for most facts – we don’t inherently know most things, instead we have read about them and need to cite the source), we need to cite that source in the text. If I make a statement of fact about ideas that are not my own, then after I make that statement I need to include information about the source in parentheses in the text. This consists of the author’s or authors’ last names and the year of publication of the journal article. For example, if I learned from the first journal article listed above that buff-breasted wren offspring delay dispersal until their second year of life, I might write the following sentence: “Buff-breasted wren offspring may delay dispersal until their second year, and therefore live in family groups for a year or more (Gill and Stutchbury 2010).” If there is only a single author, I list the last name of that author followed by the year (e.g., ‘Vonhof 2005’). If there are three or more authors (as in the second citation above), then list the last name of the first author followed by ‘et al.’ Note there is a period after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (the full phrase is ‘et altera’ which means ‘and others’). So, for the second citation listed above I would use (Krebs et al. 1978). If I’m citing a website in the text, if the URL is short I can simply include the website in parentheses (e.g., www.kalamazooriver.net). If the URL is long, it is acceptable to list the name of the organization in parentheses, or the main part of the URL that directs the reader to the source. However, the full citation of the URL must appear in the Literature Cited section at the end of the assignment. You could make a “tiny url”, which is a short form of the web address created using https://tinyurl.com/app, which creates a permanent link to the website. All sources cited in the Literature Cited section should also appear as in-text citations in the body of the assignment. Similarly, any in-text citations should be paired with a full citation in the Literature Cited section (i.e., there should be exactly the same number of unique in-text citations and full citations listed in the Literature Cited section). An in-text citation is provided each and every time you make a statement of fact that relied on a source (i.e., in most cases, undergraduate students will not just know the facts being presented, they will have looked them up). That means that each time an in-text citation should be provided. If you want to become a more sophisticated writer and researcher, you will need to learn to use a diversity of sources and to synthesize (bring together) information from multiple sources (you can cite multiple sources in in-text citations, just separate them with a comma [e.g., (Krebs et al. 1978, Gill and Stutchbury 2010)]). Try to avoid writing large sections of a report or paper based only on a single source, as we should always be looking to synthesize additional information, and reliance on a single source can be misleading (what if they got it wrong?). Finding and citing multiple sources to support a particular statement of fact can provide important weight of evidence to that statement (we should have more faith in a particular piece of evidence if multiple peer-reviewed articles support it, and please remember that science advances through consensus). I hope this is helpful. Please ask questions if you need help learning to cite sources accurately and effectively. Lab 2 assignment rubric. -Ologies infographic Student name:_____________________________ A/BA > 7 B 5 Grade range CB/C 4 D 3 E 7 5 4 3 3 2 1 0* 0* Approved sources only Yes Yes Yes No No Image + source Provided Provided Image only Image only missing Inforgraphic Well organized and easy to read, no or few spelling mistakes Like an infographic in the A range, but one section confusing or many mistakes Like an infographic in the B range, but two sections confusing or many mistakes Poorly organized, abundant spelling mistakes Poorly organized, abundant spelling mistakes Fun facts * Not including sources results in plagiarism as it implies that you are the source of the information. For citations, see file: “How to cite scientific papers and approved websites” on e-learning. As a general expectation, you work should be organized, tidy, and clearly written. -ology Fact Who is interviewee? Fact Fact Fact Why have they devoted their life to this ology? Fact Example Species from Michigan 5 Cool Facts About …… 1 Fact 2 Fact Fact 3 Fact Fact 4 Citations 5 -ology 5 Amazing Facts! Who is interviewee? Fact 1…. Fact 2… Example Species from Michigan Fact 3… 5 facts about MI species (with citations!) Fact 4… Fact 5… Citations Why have they devoted their life to this ology? -ology 5 Amazing Facts! Who is interviewee? Fact 1…. Fact 2… Example Species from Michigan Fact 3… 5 facts about MI species (with citations!) Fact 4… Fact 5… Citations Why have they devoted their life to this ology? -ology 5 Amazing Facts! Who is interviewee? Fact 1…. Fact 2… Example Species from Michigan Fact 3… 5 facts about MI species (with citations!) Fact 4… Fact 5… Citations Why have they devoted their life to this ology?
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