Exam 2 Study Guide Because the amount of information that could be covered on each exam could be overwhelming, I am not going to include everything on the exam. Here is a study sheet based on what I have included in the exam. I recommend studying so that you know the what, when, where, why, and how for each term (as applicable). Some exam questions will involve applying information (not just defining). Don’t get caught off guard. Keep in mind that some terms may appear in more than one place in the textbook. In addition to the terms below, please be sure to review the information presented in the PowerPoint lectures as well as the information presented in the video and How would you know? activities. Questions about these lectures, videos, and activities will appear on the exam. Unit 5: Social Psychology • • • • • • • • Asch’s conformity study Attitudes, including when they are most likely to affect behavior Attribution and attribution theory, including situational and dispositional attributions Cognitive dissonance Conformity and when we are most/least likely to conform Deindividuation Foot-in-the-door phenomenon Fundamental attribution error (what is it, when are we more/less likely to make it) • • • • • • • • • • Group polarization Groupthink Informational social influence Milgram’s obedience study, including when people were most/least likely to obey Mood linkage Normative social influence Persuasion: Central route and peripheral route, including how they compare Social facilitation Social loafing Social norms Unit 6: Sensation and Perception • • • • • • • • Absolute threshold and difference threshold/just noticeable difference Accommodation Afterimages Binocular cues, including convergence and retinal disparity Brightness constancy Color constancy Feature detectors Figure-ground perception • • • • Gestalt grouping principles, including proximity, continuity, and closure Monocular cues, including interposition, relative motion, relative size/height, and linear perspective Opponent-process theory Parts of the eye, including blind spot, cornea, fovea, iris, lens, optic nerve, pupil, retina • • • • • • • • • Perception Perceptual set Prosopagnosia Relative luminance Rods/cones Sensation Sensory adaptation Shape constancy Signal detection theory • • • • • • • Size constancy Subliminal stimulation/subliminal priming/subliminal messages The phi phenomenon Top-down/bottom-up processing Transduction Weber’s law Young-Helmholtz theory Unit 7: Learning • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Acquisition Bandura’s Bobo doll study Behaviorism Biological predispositions Classical conditioning Cognitive learning Cognitive map Cognitive processes Discrimination Effects of viewing media violence: the viewing-violence effect, imitation, desensitization Extinction Generalization Higher-order conditioning Latent learning Mirror neurons Modeling Observational learning Operant behavior • • • • • • • • • • • • • Operant conditioning Pavlov’s experiments Prosocial behavior Punishment, including positive and negative Reinforcement schedules, including fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixedinterval, and variable-interval Reinforcement, both positive and negative Reinforcers, including primary, conditioned/secondary, immediate, and delayed Respondent behavior Response, including conditioned and unconditioned Shaping Spontaneous recovery Stimulus, including neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned Taste aversion Unit 8: Memory • • • • • • Automatic processing How memories are processed/retained in the brain (including the amygdala, basal ganglia, brain cortex/cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus) Chunking Deep vs. shallow processing Effortful processing Encoding/encoding failure • • • • • • • • Encoding-specificity principle Explicit/declarative memory Flashbulb memory Hierarchies Implicit/nondeclarative memory Interference, including proactive and retroactive Long-term memory Memory consolidation • • • • • • • • • • Memory construction errors/reconsolidation/false memories Mnemonics Mood-congruent memory Procedural memory Rehearsal Retrieval/retrieval failure Retrieval cue Self-reference effect Sensory memory, including iconic and echoic Serial position effect • • • • • • • • • Short-term memory Source amnesia State-dependent memory Storage/storage decay The misinformation effect The spacing effect (massed vs. distributed practice) The testing effect Three measures of memory retention: recall, recognition, and relearning Working memory Terms and Ideas from Exam 1 that will Appear on Exam 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Assimilation/accommodation Attachment Critical thinking Contemporary psychology perspectives/areas: evolutionary, cognitive, cross-cultural, gender, positive psychology, behavior genetics Egocentrism Epigenetic marks Experimental and control groups Heritability Hindsight bias Imprinting Independent and dependent variables Individualism/collectivism Infantile amnesia Maturation Mere exposure effect Object permanence • • • • • • • • • • • • Parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive) Peer influence Piagetian stages, including key milestones of each Research methods, including surveys, experiments, correlational research, and naturalistic observation Scientific attitude Spillover effect SQ3R Stranger anxiety Subfields of psychology: developmental, social, clinical, counseling, industrial/organizational, cognitive, personality, biological Temperament Theories of emotion (two factor, Canon-Bard, James-Lange) Types of love (from the textbook— companionate and passionate)
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