Study Guide Because the amount of information that could be covered on each exam could be overwhelming, I am not going to include everything on the exam. Here is a study sheet based on what I have included in the exam. I recommend studying so that you know the what, when, where, why, and how for each term (as applicable). Some exam questions will involve applying information (not just defining). Don’t get caught off guard. Keep in mind that some terms may appear in more than one place in the textbook. In addition to the terms below, please be sure to review the information presented in the PowerPoint lectures as well as the information presented in the video and How would you know? activities. Questions about these lectures, videos, and activities will appear on the exam. Unit 1: Introducing Psychology • • • • • • • • • • • Behaviorism Best ways to study, including the testing effect, active processing, and massed versus spaced studying Biases: the hindsight bias, overconfidence, perceiving order in random events Case study Correlation Critical thinking Contemporary psychology perspectives/areas: evolutionary, cognitive, cross-cultural, gender, positive psychology, behavior genetics Debriefing and informed consent Experiments, including experimental groups, control groups Freudian (psychoanalytic) psychology Functionalism • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Humanistic psychology Hypothesis Independent, dependent, and confounding variables Introspection Naturalistic observation Psychology (definition) Random sampling Replication Key elements of the scientific attitude Scientific method SQ3R Structuralism Subfields of psychology: developmental, social, clinical, counseling, industrial/organizational, cognitive, personality, biological Survey The placebo effect Unit 2: Nature and Nurture • • • • • • • Adoption studies—both how they work and what they have found Epigenetics/epigenetic mark Heritability Individualism/collectivism Nature/nurture Peer influence Temperament • Twin studies—both how they work and what they’ve found about personality traits (including agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness), specific behaviors, and disorders • • • Infantile amnesia Maturation Parenting styles and their outcomes for children Piaget and schemas Piaget’s stages, including the key milestones of each Pruning processes in the brain Reflexes Stranger anxiety Theory of mind, including difficulties experienced by those with autism spectrum disorder Vygotsky and inner speech Unit 3: Developmental Psychology • • • • • • • • • Accommodation Assimilation Attachment, including secure/insecure, responsive parenting, and the Harlow monkey studies Conservation Language development before and shortly after birth Egocentrism Effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, including fetal alcohol syndrome Habituation Imprinting • • • • • • • Unit 4: Friendship, Love and Emotion • • • • Attractiveness, including what we find attractive and how attractive people are perceived Canon-Bard theory of emotion James-Lange theory of emotion Emotions and the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions • • • • • • • • Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Mere exposure effect Self-determination theory Self-disclosure Social networking, including what people post and how it affects people Spillover effect Two-factor theory of emotion Types of love
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