Topic – This week’s discussion is on a current event or recent research related to stars or cosmology.

Instructions and requirements – Choose a science news article highlighting a current event or recent research related to this week’s topic. In searching for an appropriate article, the following online science news sources are suggested

Science Daily http://www.sciencedaily.com/
e! Science News http://esciencenews.com/
Phys.org http://phys.org/
Do not use reference websites like Wikipedia or internet blogs as sources.

Write a 300-word essay about the article. The essay should have the following structure
Paragraph 1 – a summary, in your own words, of the article’s highlights and main points (about 10 sentences or 100 words)
Paragraph 2 – a discussion, in your own words and ideas, of how the article relates to the concepts studied in class this week (about 10 sentences or 100 words)
Paragraph 3 – a discussion, in your own words and ideas, of why the article is important (about 10 sentences or 100 words). This part focuses on one of the main objectives of this course –relating science to practical application and everyday life
Include the exact web address that will link directly to the article

Part I: Mendelian Genetics

In this assignment, you will use a useful tool, the Punnett square, to predict the probabilities of offspring gender and genotypes and phenotypes of different matings based on parental genetic makeup. Please answer all of the bulleted questions and tasks as you read through this assignment and submit them as a Word document to the assignment drop box titled “Punnett Squares Assignment.”

Each person has two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Your genome is exactly one-half your father’s genome and one-half your mother’s genome. After sperm and egg meet, the baby carries both copies of each gene in every cell for the rest of his or her life…except when eggs or sperm are produced. The eggs or sperm receive only one copy of each chromosome and the cycle starts all over again. Exactly which half will the baby get? That is the random part.

Sexual reproduction relies on chance to determine what type of offspring will result. A couple anxiously awaits a boy or girl and a dog breeder anxiously awaits the colors and markings of the puppies to be born. Although there is a random element involved, offspring from a mating will follow mathematical laws of probability based on the genetic makeup of the mother and father.

Watch this video to learn about Punnett squares. Please recall that dominant alleles mask recessive alleles and each baby has two copies of each gene, one from each parent.

http://www.clemson.edu/glimpse/?p=1175

Complete a Punnett square for the cross Bb x bb, where B is brown eyes and b is blue eyes.
What percentage of offpring will be BB? Bb? bb?
What percentage will have blue eyes and what percentage will have brown eyes?
Part II: Sex Determination

A male carries an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. A female carries two X chromosomes.

After meiosis, sperm and egg are produced. Sperm have a 50% chance of carrying and X chromosome and a 50% chance of carrying a Y chromosome. Eggs have a 100% chance of carrying an X chromosome, because females ONLY carry X chromosomes.

Sperm: Eggs:

(X) (X) (Y) (X) (X) (X)

(Y) (Y) (X) (X) (X) (X)

We can represent four potential scenarios if these two parents produce offspring neatly in a Punnett square. The possible sperm are placed above the top of the Punnett Square (circled in blue) and the possible eggs are placed along the left side beside the Punnett Square (circled in red). Each box is then filled in with the letter of each column and row.

punnett square gender

From the Punnett Square above, what is the % chance that offspring will be male? What is the percent chance that offspring will be female?
Part III: Codominance, Multiple Alleles and Blood typing

Review the embedded Amoeba Sisters video before completing the following questions.

Multiple alleles means that there are more than 2 alleles which can be inherited in a population. Remember though, each individual only receives 2 alleles, one from each parent.

ABO blood typing uses 3 alleles. From your course notes answer the following two questions:

Which two are dominant? _________ Write the two dominant allele genotypes, using the capital letter I, and then a superscript for each of them. ______________________
Which allele is recessive? __________ Write the genotype (letters) for the recessive trait, beginning with the lower case i. ____________.
Complete a Punnett square for the following scenario:

Mom is heterozygous for blood type B and Dad is blood type AB. (make sure to put the parent alleles in the correct places outside of the square, and fill in each of the boxes within the square)

Place the Punnett square in your word document and answer the following questions:
What are all the possible blood types of their offspring? __________________________
What is the probability of their child having blood type AB? ________ Blood type O? _____________
Part IV: Deleterious Recessive Traits

A recessive trait is one where the individual must have two recessive alleles for the phenotype of the trait to be visible. The recessive trait can be carried from generation to generation through heterozygous individuals. A person who is heterozygous for a harmful or deleterious trait is said to be a “carrier” of the trait.

If an individual receives 2 recessive alleles for a harmful or deleterious trait, let us say for our problem below, they will have the “illness”.

Solve the problem of the parents provided below. Perform the Punnett Square and answer the questions below. Only the answers are required in the answer sheet that you upload.

Mom and Dad are both heterozygous for the harmful or deleterious recessive trait.

What is the probability of their offspring having the illness? ____________%

What is the probability of their offspring being a “carrier”? _____________%

Comment 1

Random sampling, also known as probability sampling, requires that each member of the study population have an equal opportunity to be selected as a study subject. Selecting members of the population randomly enable members of the population to be selected equally. Random sampling enables each facet of the study population to be represented without bias (Little, 2016). For instance, a questionnaire is provided in an unsystematic way to a population so each individual in the population has a chance to submit information for that analysis. Again, many outcomes in statistics are derived from probability theory. Probability always assumes that random processes are functionally (Little, 2016). For any statistical outcomes to be valid, there is need to use samples which can be treated as random variables. Simple random samples make it easier to do that. There is less chance of results of analysis being skewed using random sampling.

However, there are limitations with random samples. It requires individuals within the population to volunteer and provides information. The people who usually participate may have the strongest opinion on the topic being analyzed. This brings the question of accuracy of the representation of such population (Little, 2016). There are two main limitations of random sampling. These are biased outcomes and laborious and time-consuming. Biased results are brought by the fact that the population of interest produces the people to be a sample. If the question is about things affecting them, they may be biased in providing information (Little, 2016). Random sampling is also time-consuming and involves a lot of things to be done hence laborious.

To have a truly random sample, one will need to have access to the target population and be able to assign each participant randomly to a condition. This is ideal since only random assignment to people by researchers before manipulation can provide causal interpretability of results (Little, 2016). To prevent problems and limitations with random sampling, there is need to ensure that you have a group which is bigger and each member has different views.

Comment 2 ( this is an answer for the teacher about my answer) concerning this question. Explain each sampling technique discussed in the “Visual Learner: Statistics” in your own words, and give examples of when each technique would be appropriate.

Thanks you Rosy for your answer. When doing statistical interpretation of any data, we always hope to achieve a good understanding of the estimated population parameters. Naturally, we do this using observed data from various samples.

But how do you realistically determine the sample size based on confidence level?

Urgent Essay Writing Service: discuss the strengths and weaknesses associated with style of communication and the impact on ones ability to collaborate as part of an interdisciplinary team.

Which philosophy/conceptual framework/theory/middle-range theory describes nursing in the way you think about it? Discuss how you could utilize the philosophy/conceptual framework/theory/middle-range theory to organize your thoughts for critical thinking and decision making in nursing practice.
Formulate and discuss definition of nursing, person, health, and environment.
Discuss a minimum of two beliefs and/or values about nursing that guide your own practice.
Analyze your communication style using one of the tools presented in the course. In your paper, discuss the strengths and weaknesses associated with your style of communication and the impact on your ability to collaborate as part of an interdisciplinary team.

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Order Instructions:

Select an technology available for use in nursing education. Compare and contrast two versions of the technology, perhaps versions available from different venders. For example, you may choose to compare and contrast two versions of one of the following technologies:
-Electronic medical records programs
-Data bases
-PDA’s
-Asynchronous versus synchronous courses
-simulations
-DVDs about tracheal suctioning
-Clinical nursing lab simulators

Factors to discuss in the paper include:
*The purpose of the technology
*A detailed description of the two versions of the technology you are comparing and contrasting
*The advantages and disadvantages of the 2 versions of the technology you are comparing and contrasting. Include any special features of the versions.
*The logistics of using the different versions of the technology.
-Cost
-Ease of training to use
-Needed resources (such as space, literacy , or equipment
-Management of data security.
*Supporting evidence from research articles