Immunity

The main drama in the struggle of AIDS takes place in our immune system. From the moment that the body is infected by the first HIV virus, a battle of epic proportion begins in the immune system. The HIV is fighting to kill the immune system, and the immune system is fighting to kill the virus. The battle will continue for the remainder of the patient’s life. In order for you to understand this battle, you will need to know more about the immune system, which is covered in chapter 3.

Before the class next week, you should read the chapter to learn about the major components of the immune system. Te two major themes that I want to focus on are Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity. Each of you should read about both, but select only one of these topics to write about.

Option 1: Innate immunity innate is a general name for the non-specific immune responses that provide the body’s first and second lines of defense against invading pathogens. This part of the immune system is not damaged in AIDS, while the adaptive immunity is. It might be helpful to educate AIDS patients on the innate immune system to help them understand what is going on in their bodies, and how to make the most of it.

For this discussion, choose one example of innate immunity to focus on. Choose one aspect that was particularly interesting to you. Do some research to find out a little more about it. Here is a list of examples, but you can think of other ones as well:

a. describe one type of chemical barrier that the body puts up to keep a pathogen from penetrating the outer wall. Inder what conditions is it released? How does it work?

b. one part of the inflammatory response such as non-specific phagocytosis. Tell us how that works. You’d probably fined it helpful to watch this video:

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/inflammatory-response (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

c. Tell us how an AIDS patient can work with his/her non-specific pathways to help them work to their optimal capacity, in light of the fact that his adaptive immune system is not working. For example, how can he work with his inflammatory response to get optimal benefit?

Option 2 – Adaptive Immunity:

In Chapter 3, we also learned about the adaptive immune response. This systems used a special class of white blood cells known as lymphocytes to attack specific target antigens that the body has seen in the past. This involves B-cells, T-helper cells and T-killer cells. It is these pathways that are disrupted in AIDS.

For this discussion, choose one example of adaptive immunity to focus on. Choose one aspect that was particularly interesting to you. Do some research to find out a little more about it. Here is a list of examples, but you can think of other ones as well:

Cell-free antibodies are large protein molecules that are released by B-cells as a part of the Humoral Response, which is one arm of the Adaptive Immune Response. There may be millions of B-cells in the body at birth, and each one has been programmed during development to produce a different unique type of antibody molecule that will recognize a single antigen in it’s lifetime. As such, our bodies have the ability to recognize almost any invading pathogen with at least one type of these antibodies. When our body recognizes a pathogen, it will begin to amplify the B-cell that makes the type of antidody that can recognize it. This will launch a whole body defense, against the pathogen.

a. Describe the primary immune response, which is what happens the first time that the body recognizes an invading pathogen. Explain what happens to the single B-cell that makes antibodies against that pathogen. How long does after infection does it take for the immune response to knock down the infection?

b. Describe the secondary immune response, which is what happens when the same invading pathogen is involved in a re-infection of the body. Since there are now thousands of dormant B-cells that recognize the antigens on the pathogen, how is the immune response enhanced? How quickly does that occur. compared to the first encounter with that pathogen?

c. Describe how a vaccine works. Which how does the vaccine replace the primary response? When the pathogen enters the body for the first time in a person who has already been vaccinated, does it encounter a primary immune response or a secondary immune response? Explain.

d. There is a second arm of the adaptive immune response known as “Cell-mediated Immunity” which is mediated by using T-cells, rather than B-cells. There two types of T-cell responses, one with the T-Helper cells and one with cytotoxic T-cells. T-Helper cells are the T-cells with the CD4 receptor on the surface, through which the HIV particles enter the cell. It is the T-Helper cells that are killed in AIDS. The second type of T-cell response is with a different type of T-cell, T-killer cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells or CD8+ cells. Here’s the question: If AIDS kills only the T-Helper cells, why are both the humoral (B-cell) and cell-mediated responses (T-cell) pathways knocked out?

BE SURE TO INCLUDE YOUR NAME AND SUBTOPIC IN THE HEADER FOR YOUR PAPER.

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AIDS_ScienceandSocietyAIDS-HungY.Fan.pdf
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W3-3.InnatevsAdaptiveImmunity.docx
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W3-1.TheLymphaticSystem.docx
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W3-4.B-cells-TheGenerationofAntibodies.docx
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W3-5.Cell-mediatedImmuneResponse.docx
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W3-2.InnateornonspecificImmunity.docx

Advanced Nursing Practice Translation Science Project Report

APA format is required with both a title page and reference page. Use the required components of the review as Level 1 headings (upper and lower case, centered, boldface):

Note: Introduction – Write an introduction to a selected advanced nursing practice translation science topic, but do not use “Introduction” as a heading in accordance with the rules put forth in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (2010, p. 63).APA format is required with both a title page and reference page. Use the required components of the review as Level 1 headers (upper and lower case, centered):

PLACE YOUR ORDER FOR A ZERO-PLAGIARISM PAPER HERE

Description of selected advanced nursing practice translation of evidence into practice (both integrative and systematic review of evidence)
Presentation of selected advanced practice translation of evidence analysis with proposed management (structure-process-outcomes) for information systems change
Conclusion
Preparing the Advanced Nursing Practice Translation Science Project Report
The following are best practices for preparing this Advanced Nursing Practice Translation Science Project Report:

When introducing the selected advanced practice translation science topic, be sure to include pertinent background information regarding the evidence (who, what, where, when, and why).
When describing the selected translation of evidence topic, be sure to fully identify and address evidence using a synthesis (integrative review citing areas of agreement and disagreement among authors) approach for the written summary and attach an evidence table (systematic review citing leveling and grading of evidence) using the template found in Course Resources.
When presenting the selected advanced nursing practice translation of evidence analysis, be sure to fully address proposed management (structure-process-outcomes) for information systems change and the informatics role of the DNP-prepared nurse in evaluation and sustainability.
Advanced Nursing Practice Translation Science Project Report Directions and Grading Criteria
Category Points % Description
Introduction to selected advanced nursing practice translation science topic 20 8 Introduces the selected advanced nursing practice translation science topic and includes pertinent background information regarding the evidence (who, what, where, when, and why).
Description of selected advanced nursing practice translation of evidence topic 100 40 Identifies and addresses all aspects of selected evidence using a synthesis (integrative review citing areas of agreement and disagreement among authors) approach for the written summary and attach an evidence table (systematic review citing leveling and grading of evidence) using the template found in Course Resources.
Presentation of selected advanced practice translation of evidence analysis 100 40 Addresses proposed management (structure-process-outcomes) for information systems change and the informatics role of the DNP in evaluation and sustainability. Uses examples from current evidence that support assertions and relevant examples from advanced practice.
Conclusion 10 4 An effective conclusion identifies the main ideas and major conclusions from the body of your report. Minor details are left out. Summarize the benefits of the translation science project to advanced practice nursing information systems change.
Clarity of writing 15 6 Use of standard English grammar and sentence structure. No spelling errors or typographical errors. Organized around the required components using appropriate headers.
APA format 5 2 All information taken from another source, even if summarized, must be appropriately cited in the report (including citation of interview) and listed in the references using APA (6th ed.) format:
1. Document setup

2. Title and reference pages

3. Citations in the text and references.

Total: 250 100 A quality report will meet or exceed all of the above requirements.

For the example below, decide if the behavior in question was acquired through operant or classical conditioning. If you decide the behavior is operant, identify the Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence below. If you decide the behavior is respondent, identify the previously Neutral (now Conditioned) Stimulus, the Unconditioned Stimulus, and the Unconditioned ( now Conditioned) Response.
1. Last year Julie was in a terrible car accident. Just before the cars collided, the brakes and the tires on the car squealed. Even a year later, Julie cringes and breaks into a sweat at the sound of squealing brakes and tires..
Is this an example of operant or respondent conditioning?

Health care facilities are unique and have clearly defined characteristics based on the

needs of the facility or population being served. Poor design may lead to staff, visitor,

or patient stress. In large facilities, inability to find a department may lead to

frustrations and disorientation for older patients. Poor layout may also lead to staff

inefficiencies or fines because of failure to meet regulatory requirements.

Complete a floor plan of the facility that you selected in Week One. Indicate if this will

be a new facility or the renovation of an existing structure. If it is a new or existing

structure, also explain why the renovation or new facility is needed.

Open the template you chose from week one in MedSpace Designer. From that point, you will

be able to modify the template and add the information listed below.

Using your MedSpace Designer template, focus on the following environmental design

elements:
• The health care structure such as walls, doors, hallways, waiting areas, and related

structural components
• Diagnostic and treatment space equipment and location
• Customer service and amenities, such as the reception desk, bathroom, shower, vending

machine, and so forth
• Clinical support areas, such as nurse’s station, charting areas, and so forth
• Physician or dentist office space for patient consultation
• Administrative offices
• Building support, such as laundry, generator facilities, housekeeping, and so forth
• Mechanical equipment, such as space for laboratory equipment, radiology equipment, gases

such as oxygen, and suctions
• Color and noise elements
• Regulatory elements such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration and ADA

guidelines
• Other elements such as IT or creative healing environmental ideas

Save your design once it is completed.

Write a 350- to 700-word summary that includes the following information:

• Reason you selected the floor plan you designed
• Any recommendations or suggestions for completing your floor plan differently—what would

you do differently next time?
• Something that you learned from doing this process and completing your own floor plan
• URL for your completed floor plan