Write a data mining application plan that can be implemented using Logistic Regression or Discriminan

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Write a data mining application plan that can be implemented using Logistic Regression or Discriminant Analysis (Will Provide the Application). Clearly identify and define the categorical outcome variable (Y) and at least five predictors (X1,X2, X3, X4, X5) that can be used to classify records into different categories of the Y variable. Clarify how one could collect data about at least 100 customers on your proposed Y and X variables to implement your plan.  What kind of businesses and business professionals could benefit from using your proposed application? What could be some of these potential benefits? In your plan, explain which of these techniques might be most appropriate and why. If it is impossible to tell which of these methods might be able to perform best without trying and evaluating each one of them, explain, using concepts from chapter 5, how you could evaluate and compare the performance of these different data mining methods. Your plan should be written using 500 to 750 words.

Foundations of Business Analysis

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Foundations of Business Analysis
Case Study – Computers R Us
Computers R Us, a computer manufacturer and retailer has recently launched a service and repair
division, CompleteCare, for its portable/laptop/notebook computers. This division promises to
provide a rapid response to customer technical enquiries and warranty repairs.
However, the division is experiencing:
– a shortage of trained technical operators in its telephone centre;
– distribution problems; and
– parts availability problems.
As a result, Computers R Us has received multiple complaints about CompleteCare at the Computers
R Us call centre.
To address these issues, a research proposal was prepared (Assignment 1) and the research
overseen by the management of Computers R Us. It was found that customer satisfaction was a
Page 2 of 6
contributing factor to the issues experienced in the CompleteCare division. Consequently, the
management of Computers R Us have developed several possible initiatives to improve customer
satisfaction to a minimum level of 7 out of 10. These initiatives include: decreasing response times in
the CompleteCare division, training and continuous education for staff on products and services to
assist customers, increasing methods of communication between Computers R Us and its customers
and a new loyalty rewards program. Management is interested to know which of these strategies is
considered the most effective by Computers R Us customers.
A member of your team has already collected data that can be used for this analysis. To collect this
data, a simple random sample of 500 customers was selected. Of the 500 customers to whom
surveys were sent, 420 responded. The survey used to collect this data is provided below and the
survey responses have been collated in the CompleteCare.xls Excel file. You are required to write a
report after performing an analysis on the data collected from the customers of Computers R Us.
A member of your team has suggested that, when you perform this analysis, you should undertake a
series of hypothesis tests to examine the following:
1. Does the current level of customer satisfaction differ from management’s goal of 7 out of
10?
2. Is there any difference between the overall satisfaction of male and female customers at
Computers R Us?
3. Are there any differences in overall customer satisfaction across the following age groups:
20 and below, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51 and over?
4. Is there any difference in customer satisfaction between responses to the initiatives of
‘decreasing response times in the CompleteCare division’ and the ‘new loyalty rewards
program’?
5. Are any of the initiatives proposed by management related to the overall satisfaction of
Computers R Us customers?
Required:
Write a data analysis report that provides the results to each of the five hypothesis tests above and
make overall recommendations to Computers R Us that management can use for future business
decision-making. Based on your analysis relating to these hypotheses, your report should focus on
two key issues: the current degree of customer satisfaction and the strategy or strategies that would
be most effective to increase customer satisfaction.
Page 3 of 6
Customer Satisfaction Survey
Section 1: Personal information
Please complete the following information about yourself.
Question 1 – What is your gender?
Male Female
Question 2 – Please check the box that indicates your age group.
20 years and below
21–30 years
31–40years
41–50 years
51 and over
Section 2: Current Customer Satisfaction
Question 3 – Have you experienced any problems with the CompleteCare division?
Yes No
Question 4 – Overall, I am satisfied as a customer of Computers R Us.
Please circle the number that corresponds with your level of agreement with the statement below.
Strongly Disagree = 1 and Strongly Agree = 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Page 4 of 6
Section 3: Determinants of Customer Satisfaction
Please circle the number that corresponds with your level of agreement with statements below.
Strongly Disagree = 1 and Strongly Agree = 10
Question 5 – I am satisfied with the response time of the CompleteCare division.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Question 6 – I am satisfied with the level of advice CompleteCare staff provide on Computers R Us
products and services.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Question 7 – I am satisfied with the level of communication with staff and management at
Computers R Us.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Question 8 – I am satisfied with the loyalty rewards program at Computers R Us.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Page 5 of 6
Report Structure
Executive Summary
This section should provide a brief overview of the data analysis report. You should discuss the
subject matter, the method of analysis, the findings and recommendations and any limitations of the
report. It is suggested that the Executive Summary should be the last section that you write.
Introduction
Provide a brief background to the case to put your analysis in context. Provide a discussion of the
objectives of your analysis.
Research Design
Discuss the data collection process and the sampling procedures that were applied. In this section,
you should also outline the ethical considerations that would have been taken into account when
collecting data from this survey and reporting your results. This section should include references
from at least three credible sources, such as textbooks or journal articles.
Analysis
Synthesise the hypothesis test results as they relate to the two key research questions. Report the
conclusions that can be derived from this analysis.
Recommendations
Briefly summarise your results and provide recommendations to Computers R Us. Bullet points can
be used for the recommendations.
Referencing style
American Psychological Association (APA) 6th Edition. You can find helpful examples of APA 6th ed.
citation in pp 27–41 of the 2015 NBS Postgraduate Student Manual as well as at
http://www.apastyle.org/index.aspx.
Appendix: Hypothesis Testing
For each hypothesis you should:
a) State the null and alternative hypotheses.
b) Select an appropriate statistical test and briefly justify your selection.
c) Perform the appropriate test using Microsoft Excel.
d) Report the results of your analysis (including test statistic and p-value).
e) Provide a brief interpretation (both statistical and non-statistical) of the results.
Page 6 of 6
An example is provided below.
Hypothesis Testing Example
Question: How much are potential patrons willing to pay for the entrées? Is the $18 amount from
the forecasting model the correct value to use when setting food prices?
Appendix 1: Average patron expenditure
H0: The average amount patrons are willing to spend on the entrée course is equal to $18
HA: The average amount patrons are willing to spend on the entrée course is not equal to $18
A one-sample t-test is used, as this is the appropriate test to compare the difference between one
variable and a pre-determined mean (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, & Griffin, 2012, p. 520). The results from
this one-sample t-test are shown below:
Table 1: One-sample t-test for difference in patron expenditure
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 20.14118 18
Variance 91.85022 0
Observations 340 340
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 339
t Stat 4.119569
P(T<=t) one-tail 2.39E-05 t Critical one-tail 1.649361 P(T<=t) two-tail 4.77E-05 t Critical two-tail 1.966986 From Table 1, it is evident that we can reject that null hypothesis that the average patron is willing to pay $18 for their entrée (p-value 0.0000477). As the average expenditure is greater than $18 ($20.14), this value should be used when pricing food in the restaurant. Word count (excluding tables): 107 References Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., & Griffin, M. (2012). Business research methods (9th ed.): Cengage Learning.

How does globalization affect macroeconomic policymaking

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Assignment 1: Position Paper  Due Week 2 and worth 140 points  Public administration is an essential link between citizens and governments. With the rapid pace of globalization, the public sector is under even greater pressure to increase its capacity to deal with the new challenges and opportunities that globalization presents. The relationship of globalization and governance is multidimensional. States / countries with high levels of integration with the rest of the world tend to have better governance outcomes on the whole. Of course, the quality of governance can be directly related to the social and economic integration between states. The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, religion, natural resources, fractionalization, and government size largely decide the outcomes.  Like globalization, governance can be conceived broadly or narrowly. How does globalization affect macroeconomic policymaking?  In this assignment, you are expected to select one (1) country and: •Discuss a significant issue / challenge arising from globalization that has taken place in the last three to six (3-6) months. •Critically evaluate the current policy(ies) for the issue / challenge. •Consider possible alternatives. •Advocate a particular policy choice and provide rationale.  Use the Internet to conduct research for this assignment. Here are two (2) resources to get you started: •Scan the article titled, “Globalization and Governance: Definition, Variation, and Explanation” located here. •Review the slide show “Tips for Writing a Policy Analysis” located here.  Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you: 1.Provide an introduction and context for the issue / challenge. 2.Summarize what existing literature says about the selected issue / challenge and the selected country’s policies impacting the issue. 3.Suggest two (2) policy options that the selected country’s government could follow in order to resolve the issue / challenge. 4.Recommend one (1) policy action based on your analysis of a set of alternatives. Provide a rationale for your recommendation. 5.Provide at least three (3) reliable, relevant, peer-reviewed references (no more than one [1] used previously), published within the last five (5) years that support the paper’s claims.  Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: •Typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides. •Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required page length. •Include a reference page. Citations and references must follow APA format. The reference page is not included in the required page length.  The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: •Evaluate the major concepts and theories to international relations and politics. •Analyze the local impact of global public administration policies and relationships. •Analyze the core controversies, theories, and rationale surrounding global public administration. •Formulate domestic and international public policy alternatives and arguments. •Describe how policies shift over time when applied to global public administration challenges. •Use technology and information resources to research issues in international public administration. •Write clearly and concisely about international public administration using proper writing mechanics.  Click here to view the grading rubric.

Cultural Competence

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To provide quality healthcare to the entire population, healthcare workers and educators must be competent in their understanding of the relevant characteristics for the ethnic groups represented. This is true both of individuals and of the organizational culture as a whole. For this discussion, consider the following:

What is cultural competence and what are its benefits to the patient, staff, and healthcare organization?

Identify evidence-based strategies that organizations could employ to establish and maintain cultural competence.

What barriers exist regarding cultural competence and how might they be overcome?

Describe the cultural competence of your organization. How might it affect the content of or quality of the outcome of your Unit 5 assignment?

Reflect on your personal cultural competence. What things will you personally need to be aware of as you complete your Unit 5 assignment?

the topic chosen is high risk pregnant women with multimorbidities and risks.

My program is an individual model of integrated care. This group of integrated care model is concerned with coordination of individual care for patients with multiple conditions or high-risk patients. The reason for choosing individual models of integrated care is that it facilitates appropriate delivery of health services and overcomes fragmentations between health care providers. Additionally, coordination for patients’ care in this model goes beyond a single episode of care, where it coordinates between different providers alongside embracing the concept of integration across life-course.

must be at least 150 words with at least 1 APA formatted reference in the post and as a reference.

Analysis of Research on Death Row Inmates

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Psychologists conducting research using historical and contemporary data must make sure that different demographic populations of offenders are not compared with each other. For example, when studying crime rates, much more information can be gleaned by separating male and female offenders, offenders from different age groups, and offenders from different socioeconomic strata.

Using the module readings and the Argosy University online library resources, describe the strengths and weaknesses of research on death row inmates.

Write your initial response in approximately 300 words. Apply APA standards to cite sources.

Applications Of The Scientific Method

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The scientific method is useful in problem solving and decision-making in a wide variety of fields. In this assignment, you will demonstrate how to use the scientific method to make decisions and solve problems in your field of study or everyday life.

Identify a specific problem often faced in your field of study or everyday life. Research your problem and assess your data / research.

Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:

1. Explain the scientific method and describe the overall manner in which you would apply it in your field of study or everyday life.

2. Propose one (1) testable hypothesis to explain / solve the problem you have selected. State the expected outcomes of your actions and include criteria for determining whether or not these actions would succeed. Note: Your hypothesis should be stated very precisely.

3. Describe the main actions that you intend to put into place to test the hypothesis that you proposed in Question 2. Describe the way in which you would evaluate the success of your program. Include the results that you would deem as a success and the results that would be considered a failure.

Discuss the wisdom behind the strategy you would use to test the hypothesis from Question 3, and describe the additional steps you might take, depending on the results of your test. Note: These additional steps might be to revise your original hypothesis (if the results were unsatisfactory) or to propose new hypotheses. The goal is to continuously improve your understanding of the factors influencing your outcomes, to be able to achieve greater results over time.

Use at least two (2) quality resources / references in this assignment.

Required Assignment 2—Organizational Development Strategy

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Assignment 1: Required Assignment 2—Organizational Development Strategy

In M3: Assignment 2, you assessed the training needs for the situation in the scenario and developed a proposal to address the needs.

For this assignment, you will create an organizational development strategy for the situation in the scenario.

The scenario:

You have recently been appointed as the training manager for the southeastern division of a major supermarket chain in the U.S. Your territory includes fifteen retail stores and your responsibility involves working directly with store managers and other stakeholders to develop training solutions to meet the specific needs of the employees in the various stores. This includes, but is not limited to, performing needs assessments, determining appropriate instructional design and training delivery methods, and implementing and evaluating training initiatives.

Three of the stores in your territory have missed their sales goals for the last two quarters. All three stores have received low customer-satisfaction scores and are experiencing increased employee turnover rates. The high employee turnover has resulted in the store managers hiring many new and relatively inexperienced sales associates, which further contributes to the problem.

The senior management team of this major supermarket chain believes that training and development may help alleviate these problems. You have been asked to assess the training needs and develop a proposal to address the situation in the three stores.

Directions:

For the organization referenced in the scenario, create an organizational development strategy that addresses the organization’s competitiveness over the next ten years. In contrast to the more immediate needs that you have addressed in the earlier assignments, focus on how the training department can prepare employees to enable improvements in organizational effectiveness. Make sure to address the importance of having high employee retention rates and high levels of employee satisfaction.

In preparation for a formal presentation to senior management, create a 15–18 slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation in which you explain your organizational development strategic plan. Use the slides to highlight your key points and provide details for each using the Speaker’s Notes feature. Make sure your plan includes the following:

Assess the organization’s competitiveness over the next ten years.

Identify the potential gaps in organizational effectiveness related to staffing.

Identify and explain the potential employee needs that can lead to improved organizational effectiveness.

Propose an organizational development strategy that takes into consideration the needs of the employees as well as the needs of the organization in order to maintain and develop its competitive edge. Make sure you have at least one example of each and explain how it will lead to improved organizational effectiveness.

Formal education

On-the-job training

Special assignments

Mentorship model

Coaching

Career planning and development

Organizational practices to help employees develop careers

Assess return on investment of training resources

Make sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

This answer is only required to be one paragraph long. Many novelists, particularly those involved in the writing of genre fiction, have one principal character that is featured in most of their books.

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Instructions: This answer is only required to be one paragraph long. Many novelists, particularly those involved in the writing of genre fiction, have one principal character that is featured in most of their books. The sea tales of Clive Cussler, for example, all feature the adventures of fictional marine engineer Dirk Pitt. Cussler’s novels are all copyrighted, but the name Dirk Pitt is registered as a trade mark and appears with the TM logo on the back of the books. Why is it in the interest of the author to trademark as well as to copyright his fictional creation?

Number of Pages: 1 Page

Page Line Spacing: Double spaced (Default)

Academic Level: Post-graduate

Paper Format: APA

Pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections essay assignment papers

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Post a description of the pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections, including their similarities and differences. Select two of the following factors: age, genetics, behavior, gender, and ethnicity. Then explain how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology of the infections, as well as the diagnosis of and treatment for the infections.

– This work should have Introduction and conclusion

– This work should have at 4 to 5 current references (Year 2013 and up)

– Use at least 2 references from class Learning Resources

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

The following Resources are not acceptable:

1. Wikipedia

2. Cdc.gov- nonhealthcare professionals section

3. Webmd.com

4. Mayoclinic.com

LEARNING RESOURCES

**Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Chapter 29, “Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems”
This chapter introduces the structure and function of the renal and urologic systems. It covers renal blood flow, kidney function, and tests for renal and bladder function. Pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections essay assignment papers.

Chapter 30, “Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function”
This chapter examines alterations of the renal and urinary tract function, including urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infection, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. It focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, and evaluation and treatment of those renal and urinary tract alterations. Pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections essay assignment papers

Chapter 31, “Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children”
This chapter presents alterations of renal and urinary tract function that are common in children. These alterations include structural abnormalities, bladder disorders, nephroblastoma, and urinary incontinence. Pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections essay assignment papers

**Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16, “Renal Disease”
This chapter explores the structure and function of the kidney for preparation of examining renal diseases. It then examines renal diseases such as acute kidney injury and chronic renal failure.

**National Kidney Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.kidney.org/index.cfm

Pathophysiology of lower and upper urinary tract infections essay assignment papers

Advanced Epidemiology and Biostatistics for Nursing. Assignment 1

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“Please answer all the questions and provide rationale for the answer for each question using your own words and show your calculations to get full credit”.

Which of the following is a case-control study? [ONE POINT]
Study of past mortality or morbidity trends to permit estimates of the occurrence of disease in the future

Obtaining histories and other information from a group of known cases and from a comparison group to determine the relative frequency of a characteristic or exposure under study
c. Analysis of previous research in different places and under different circumstances to permit the establishment of hypotheses based on cumulative knowledge of all known factors

Study of the incidence of cancer in men who have quit smoking
Both a and c

In a study of a disease in which all cases that developed were ascertained, if the relative risk for the association between a factor and the disease is equal to or less than 1.0, then: [ONE POINT]

There is no association between the factor and the disease
There is either no association or a negative association between the factor and the disease
The factor protects against development of the disease
Either matching or randomization has been unsuccessful
The comparison group used was unsuitable, and a valid comparison is not possible

A random sample of middle age sedentary males was selected from four census tracts, and each man was examined for coronary artery disease. All those having the disease were excluded from the study. All others were randomly assigned to either an exercise group, which followed for a two-year program of systematic exercise, or to a control group, which had no exercise program. Both groups were observed semiannually for any difference in incidence of coronary heart disease.

What type of study (study design) you would assign to this information? Why? [ONE POINT]

4. Several studies have found that approximately 95% of cases of lung cancer are due to cigarette smoking. This measure is an example of: [ONE POINT]
a. An incidence rate
b. A relative risk
c. A prevalence risk
d. A proportionate mortality ratio

e. An attributable risk

Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following information:

OUTCOME AFTER 10 YRS
At Beginning of Study CHD Developed CHD Did Not Develop
2,000 Healthy smokers 100 1,900
4,000 Healthy nonsmokers 30 3,970

The results of a 10-year cohort study of smoking and coronary heart disease (CHD) are shown above:
5. The incidence of CHD in smokers that can be attributed to smoking is: [ONE POINT]

6. The proportion of the total incidence of CHD in smokers that is attributable to smoking is: [ONE POINT]

What type of study design is considered to be the ‘gold standard’ in assessing causality? [ONE POINT]

Cohort
Case-control
Ecological
Experimental

All of the following are important criteria when making causal inferences except: [ONE POINT]
Consistency with existing knowledge
Dose-response relationship
Predictive value
Consistency of association in several studies
Strength of association
All of the following are measures of process of health care in a clinic except: [ONE POINT]
Proportion of patients in whom blood pressure is measured
Proportion of patients advised to stop smoking
Proportion of patients whose height and weight are measured
Proportion of patients who have complications of a disease
Proportion of patients whose bill is reduced because of financial need

Colon cancer is diagnosed in 45 patients per year within a community of 10,000 unaffected individuals. A screening test is applied to all residents of this community.
What is the sensitivity (in %) of the screening test, if it detects 38 of the colon cancer patients. What is the specificity if the test correctly determines that 9,750 of the unaffected persons who do not have colon cancer? What is the positive predictive value? What is the negative predictive value
[Interpret the results and show your calculations for full credit].

The sensitivity of the test is [ONE POINT]_____________
The specificity of the test is [ONE POINT] ______
The positive predictive value of the test is [ONE POINT] _____________
The negative predictive value of the test is [ONE POINT] ____________
What are your overall comments about the validity of this test? [ONE POINT]

Which of the following is not an advantage of a prospective cohort study? [ONE POINT]

Precise measurement of exposure is possible
b. Incidence rates can be calculated
It usually costs less than a case-control study
d. Recall bias is minimized compared with a case-control study
e. Many disease outcomes can be studied simultaneously
A major problem resulting from the lack of randomization in a cohort study is: [ONE POINT]
The possibility that a greater proportion of people in the study may have been exposed
b. The possibility that a smaller proportion of people in the study may have been exposed
The possibility that a factor that led to the exposure, rather than the exposure itself, might have caused the disease
d. That, without randomization, the study may take longer to carry out
e. Planned crossover is more likely

Which of the following is an approach to handling confounding? [ONE POINT]
Individual matching
Stratification
Group matching
Adjustment
All of the above

It has been suggested that physicians may examine women who use oral contraceptives more often or more thoroughly than women who do not. If so, and if an association is observed between phlebitis and oral contraceptive use, the association may be due to: [ONE POINT]

Selection bias
b. Interviewer bias
c. Nonresponse bias
d. Recall bias
e. Surveillance bias
Residents of three villages with three different types of water supply were asked to participate in a survey to identify cholera carriers. Because several cholera deaths had occurred recently, virtually everyone present at the time underwent examination. The proportion of residents in each village who were carriers was computed and compared. What is the proper classification for this study? [ONE POINT]
Case-control study
b. Concurrent cohort study
c. Non-concurrent cohort study
Cross-sectional study
e. Experimental study

Question 16 is based on the information given below:

In a case-control study of the relationship of radiation exposure and thyroid cancer, 50 cases admitted for thyroid cancer and 100 “controls” admitted during the same period for treatment of hernias were studied. Only the cases were interviewed, and 20 of the cases were found to have been exposed to x-ray therapy in the past, based on the interviews and medical records. The controls were not interviewed, but a review of their hospital records when they were admitted for hernia surgery revealed that only 2 controls had been exposed to x-ray therapy in the past.

Based on the description given above, what source of bias is least likely to be present in this study? [ONE POINT]
Recall bias
Bias due to loss of subjects from the control group over time
Bias due to controls being non-representative of the non-diseased population
Bias due to use of different methods of ascertainment of exposure in cases and controls
Selection bias for exposure to x-ray therapy in the past
Of 3,000 persons who had received radiation treatment in childhood because of an enlarged thymus, cancer of the thyroid developed in 40 and a benign thyroid tumor developed in 80. A comparison group consisted of 5,000 children who had received no such treatment (brothers and sisters of the children who had received radiation treatment). During the follow-up period, none of the comparison group developed thyroid cancer, but benign thyroid tumors developed in 10.

Calculate the relative risk for benign thyroid tumors. Using your own words, interpret the relative risk. [ONE POINT]

The extent to which a specific health care treatment, service, procedure, program, or other intervention does what it is intended to do when used in a community-dwelling population is termed its: [ONE POINT]
Efficacy
b. Effect modification
c. Efficiency
Effectiveness
e. None of the above
The best index (indices) for concluding that an early detection program for breast cancer truly improves the natural history of disease, 10 years after its initiation, would be: [ONE POINT]

A smaller proportionate mortality for breast cancer 10 years after initiation of the early detection program compared to the proportionate mortality prior to its initiation
A decrease in incidence of breast cancer
A decrease in the prevalence of breast cancer
Improved long-term survival rates for breast cancer patients (adjusted for lead time)
None of the above

In general, screening should be undertaken for diseases with the following feature(s): [ONE POINT]

Diseases with a natural history that can be altered by medical intervention
Diseases with a low prevalence in identifiable subgroups of the population
Diseases for which case-fatality rates are low
Diseases that are readily diagnosed and for which treatment efficacy has been shown to be equivocal in evidence from a number of clinical trials
None of the above
When a new treatment is developed that prevents death but does not produce recovery from disease, the following will occur: (ONE POINT)

Prevalence of the disease will decrease
Incidence of the disease will increase
Incidence of the disease will decrease
The incidence and the prevalence of the disease will decrease
Prevalence of the disease will increase

The extent to which a specific health care treatment, service, procedure, program, or other intervention produces a beneficial result under ideal controlled conditions is its: [ONE POINT]
Effectiveness
b. Effect modification
c. Efficiency
Efficacy
e. None of the above

A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was first suspected in the 1920s on the basis of clinical To test this apparent association, numerous epidemiologic studies were undertaken between 1930 and 1960. Two studies were conducted by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill in Great Britain. The first was a case-control study begun in 1947 comparing the smoking habits of lung cancer patients with the smoking habits of other patients. The second was a cohort study begun in 1951 recording causes of death among British physicians in relation to smoking habits. This case study deals with the case-control study.

Data for the case-control study were obtained from hospitalized patients in London and vicinity over a 4-year period (April 1948 – February 1952). Initially, 20 hospitals, and later more, were asked to notify the investigators of all patients admitted with a new diagnosis of lung cancer. These patients were then interviewed concerning smoking habits, as were controls selected from patients with other disorders (primarily non-malignant) who were hospitalized in the same hospitals at the same time.

The study group included 1,465 cases (1,357 males and 108 females). The following table shows the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer among male cases and controls.

Table 1. Smoking status before onset of the present illness, lung cancer cases and matched controls with other diseases, 1948-1952

Cases Controls

Cigarette smoker

Non smoker

1,465 1,465

How representative of all persons with lung cancer are hospitalized patients with lung
cancer? [ONE POINT]

How representative of the general population without lung cancer are hospitalized
patients without lung cancer? [ONE POINT]

Estimate the odds ratio from the data in table 1 and interpret the odds ratio. [ONE POINT]

During July 2014, a county health department received reports of 12 new cases of measles. What additional information is needed to determine whether this group of cases is an outbreak? [ONE POINT]

What are the different types of screening programs? Give example of each type. [TWO POINTS]

What are the different types of biases that can occur in a screening program? [ONE POINT]

Data on 1075 male respondents to the 2003 Health Information National Trends
Study were collected from October 2002 to April 2003 and analyzed in 2008 to examine the associations among race/ethnicity, and the perception of the risk of developing prostate cancer for African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white men aged ≥45 years without a history of prostate cancer.

– What study design is been used for this study? Why? [ONE POINT]

Patients were randomly assigned to the PRO-SELF intervention (n = 93) or standard care (n = 81). Patients in the standard care arm were seen by a research nurse three times and were called three times by phone between the home visits. PRO-SELF group patients were seen by specially trained intervention nurses and received a psychoeducational intervention, were taught how to use a pillbox, and were given written instructions on how to communicate with their physician about unrelieved pain and the need for changes in their analgesic prescriptions. Patients were coached during two follow-up home visits and three phone calls on how to improve their cancer pain management.

– What study design is been used for this study? Why? [ONE POINT]

29. What is justice? [ONE POINT]
A) Right to fair treatment
B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation
C) Participants right to self-determination
D) Freedom to control their own actions

30. Which can cause bias in a study? [ONE POINT]

Participants’ truthful responses

Researcher subjectivity

Consistent methods of data collection

Adequate study design

31. What serves as the basis for regulations affecting research by the U.S. government? [ONE POINT]

The Nuremberg Code

The Declaration of Helsinki

The Belmont Report

The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association

Explain the relationship between sensitivity and false negative results?
Give example (TWO POINTS)

Under what circumstances would it be desirable to minimize the percentage of individuals with false negative results on a test? (ONE POINT)

Which indicator answers the following question from the patients: “Given that I have a positive test, what is my chance that I have the disease?” [ONE POINT]

A colleague informs the epidemiologist of a new screening test for the early detection of lung cancer. How might the test be assessed before it is used by the general medical community? [ONE POINT]

Explain the relationship between specificity and false positive results?
Give example (TWO POINTS)

The purpose of a double blind or double masked study is to: [ONE POINT]

Achieve comparability of treated and untreated subjects
Reduce the effects of sampling variation
Avoid observer and subject bias
Avoid observer bias and sampling variation
Avoid subject bias and sampling variation

All of the following are potential benefits of a randomized clinical trial, except: [ONE POINT]

The likelihood that the study groups will be comparable is increased
Self-selection for a particular treatment is eliminated
The external validity of the study is increased
Assignment of the next subject cannot be predicted
The therapy that a subject receives is not influenced by either conscious or subconscious bias of the investigator

The major purpose of random assignment in a clinical trial is to: [ONE POINT]

Help ensure that study subjects are representative of the general population
Facilitate double blinding (masking)
Facilitate the measurement of outcome variables
Ensure that the study groups have comparable baseline characteristics
e. Reduce selection bias in the allocation of treatment

Investigators conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate outbreak gastroenteritis in California. Use the results of the following table to answer the following questions:

Food Ate Did not eat
Ill Well AR Ill well AR RR
Chicken 35 17 67.3 17 22 43.6 1.5
Potato Salad 50 12 80.6 10 35 22.2 3.6
Spinach 25 10 71.4 20 30 40.0 1.8
Salad 15 11 57.7 16 12 57.1 1.0
Fruits 8 30 21.1 6 18 25.0 0.8

What is the most likely food that causes this outbreak? Why? (TWO POINTS)