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Central Piedmont Community College Philosophy Question

Description

 

 

Compare and contrast any 2 perspectives from any of the units covered in this course. You will not argue for either perspective but instead summarize the two different perspectives and explain how they relate and respond to each other.

Rubric: Five required elements.

Concepts:

The essay must address all the relevant concepts in the passage in a clear and concise manner.

  1. Argument:

The essay must follow the argument of the passage in a way that is evident in the essay, showing how the concepts connect to one another.

  1. Recap:
  2. The essay should end with a clear explanation or recap of the argument

Conventional Grammar Mechanics:

  1. The essay should follow conventional grammar mechanics.
  2. Style:

The essay should be readable, clear, concise, and well-formulated.

  1. It should avoid being overly conversational
  2. A = All five categories are evident and at least meet expectations

B = At Least 4 categories are evident

  1. C = At Least 3 categories are evident
  2. D = At Least 2 categories are evident

F = At Least 1 category is evident

  1. Textbook:
  2. The Norton Introduction to Philosophy Second Edition (ISBN: 978-0-393-62442-7)

 

Plato’s Cave Allegory

Description

 

Plato’s Cave Allegory

The  story below is taken from Book Vll of Plato’s most important work called The Republic. It is retold to us in a clear and almost verbatim account by Orson Wells. As you are viewing the film consider some of the following questions. Exposure to this content now is important to get an idea of Plato’s notion of the Good.  In this story you will see both the elements of mythical imagery and the theoretical logos of the Greek Naturalist combined to take us to a new level of understanding things that will be hallmark of Socrates & Plato. So, view, enjoy and consider.

Assignment

The assignment is to be one page in length

View the video below

Use the prompts to guide your response in assessing the story.

You must respond to at least four of the six questions.

Question Prompts

In what way is the prisoner’s condition in the cave similar to our own condition at the start of our lives?

When he is released and suddenly forced to turn around the first time, what does he experience and come to realize about his former state in relation to his condition now?

When he is forced to make his way to the outside, what does he experience, and how is this analogous or similar to the earlier condition he experienced when forced to turn around?

Why does the adjustment take time and what does he come to realize about his former belief  concerning the nature of things and their cause?

Finally consider the Sun. What is its relation to the things he has come to understand as being true? How is this new awareness different from his former vision of things and from his understanding of how they were caused?

Why does he return to the cave from which he left, and at what cost?  Do some of us never get out of the cave; why?

Philosophy Question

Description

 

 

See the Week 3 & 4 Overview for details.

Core Quiz – Paper 1. Before doing this quiz (writing a short paper), make sure that you have carefully read this week’s reading assignments and have watched all of this week’s Video Lecture. This quiz will consist of writing a short paper of three paragraphs, and the topic will relate to Plato’s Crito (covered last week) and Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter From a Birmingham Jail. You will not know the details of the assignment until you begin the quiz.

Responses to this quiz must be typed and submitted electronically in MS Word (.docx or .pdf) format. The file must be named in the following format: Lastname_CoreQuiz1. Submit your completed document as a file attachment to the quiz.

Choose an advertisement on television, on the radio, on the Internet, or in print.

Description

 

 

Describe, deconstruct, and analyze the advertisement by answering the following items:

Where did you find the advertisement ?

Briefly describe the scenario depicted in the advertisement.

What product is advertised?

Who is the audience for this advertisement? How do you know this?

  • Identify the main claim in the advertisement.
  • Is the claim credible? Why or why not? Use class terminology to explain.
  • What might make the claim more credible? What might make it less credible?
  • How does the author use rhetorical strategies to sell this product to its audience?
  • Does the advertisement reveal any cognitive biases? Which ones and how?

Technology and Healthcare

Description

 

 

How has technology influenced ethical decision-making in healthcare?

Supports ideas with specific references to course materials and/or academic/authoritative sources of information and/or relevant personal/professional experience (as appropriate).
? Includes in-text citations and a reference list (for all additional sources if used), including title, author, publication date, and access details (URL or text information, etc.).

Describe and apply the components of Gordon’s functional health patterns as it applies to toddlers.

 Compare and contrast the growth and developmental patterns of two toddlers of different ages using Gordon’s functional health patterns. Describe and apply the components of Gordon’s functional health patterns as it applies to toddlers.

Nursing Assignment Help Australia

The UK Nursing Salary and Pay Scale Guide – 2024

The UK Salary and Pay Scale Guide – 2024

UK nursing salary & pay scale guide 2024. Discover how much nurses get paid plus bandings, benefits and more.

The UK Nursing Pay and Pay Scale Guide – 2024

UK nursing pay and pay scale guide 2024. Find how much medical attendants get compensated in addition to bandings, advantages from there, the sky is the limit.

Agenda For Change NHS Nursing Pay Scale And Bands 2023 to 2024

Our Nurse’s Pay Calculator is based on Agenda for Change NHS Pay Scales and Bands in England for 2023 to 2024 (April to end of March). Our bandings and calculator have also been updated to reflect the pay rise confirmed in May 2023 – but do not include the one-off payment awarded within that deal.

Plan For Change NHS Nursing Pay Scale And Groups 2023 to 2024

Our Attendant’s Compensation Adding machine depends on Plan for Change NHS Pay Scales and Groups in Britain for 2023 to 2024 (April to end of Spring). Our bandings and mini-computer have additionally been refreshed to mirror the compensation rise affirmed in May 2023 – however do exclude the oddball installment granted inside that arrangement.

What Is Agenda For Change?

You may have heard of the so-called ‘Agenda for Change’ (AfC). Essentially, AfC was a new system introduced in 2004 that underpinned the banding structure that applies to nursing pay today. It was implemented to correct historic problems with nursing pay – namely, to provide a more structured way of ensuring NHS staff get equal pay for work of equal value.

This idea of allocating roles to specific pay bandings was a new one, and broadly speaking, the system has remained largely unaltered since 2004.

Between April 2018 and March 2021 the new pay structure ‘New Pay Deal’ in NHS England was rolled out. This has since been followed by one-off, annual pay increases between 3% and 5% following negotiations between the government and health unions.

What Is Plan For Change?

You might have known about the purported ‘Plan for Change’ (AfC). Basically, AfC was another framework presented in 2004 that supported the banding structure that applies to nursing pay today. It was carried out to address memorable issues with nursing pay – to be specific, to give a more organized approach to guaranteeing NHS staff get equivalent compensation for work of equivalent worth.

This thought of designating jobs to explicit compensation bandings was another one, and as a general rule, framework has remained to a great extent unaltered beginning around 2004.

Between April 2018 and Walk 2021 the new compensation structure ‘New Compensation Arrangement’ in NHS Britain was carried out. This has since been trailed by one-off, yearly boosts in salary somewhere in the range of 3% and 5% following exchanges between the public authority and wellbeing associations.

About Nursing Pay In The UK

To say nursing pay is a hotly debated issue is something of a misleading statement. And keeping in mind that it’s broadly perceived that nursing is a compensating profession, do the monetary prizes match the requests of the gig?

Somewhere in the range of 2010 and 2015, normal NHS nursing pay rates expanded by more than 2%.

Then somewhere in the range of 2015 and 2017, a proper 1% compensation rise was carried out – the notable ‘pay cap’. From 2018 to end of Walk 2021 The New Compensation Arrangement was carried out where pay rates in all cases expanded north of a long term period. In July 2021, a 3% compensation rise was reported for NHS medical caretakers, trailed by a comparable expansion in 2022. Most as of late, in May 2024, a 5% increment was reported, notwithstanding an oddball installment. This installment went from around £1900 for a Band 5 medical caretaker, to more than £3000 for Band 8 or 9 trained professionals.

Be that as it may, these titles don’t recount the full story of nursing pay. Does the confidential area, for instance, offer higher wages, as is frequently expected? Do bank and office medical attendants, frequently working one next to the other with extremely durable staff, appreciate unfathomably predominant compensation parcels? Furthermore, exactly the way that great is the NHS annuity and other compensation enhancing benefits?

Scarcely any positions convey such an expansive scope of compensation ‘banding’, and hardly any present such multifaceted contrasts as far as private and public area pay and advantages.

Nursing offers extraordinary vocation adaptability, and that applies to pay as well – bank and organization nurture frequently have the opportunity to build their profit as and as the need should arise. For nursing understudies and trying attendants, understanding these elements is indispensable while thinking about your future.

Our extensive manual for nursing pay rates, bandings and pay handles this complex and frequently disputable subject with basic realities and insider tips, offering direct direction on every one of the key elements influencing what medical caretakers acquire.
ollowing talks between the public authority and wellbeing associations.

What Is The Typical Pay For A UK Medical caretaker?

An inquiry we’re frequently posed is: what is the typical compensation of a UK Medical caretaker?

It’s something everybody from hopeful medical attendants to qualified medical caretakers in different nations are anxious to comprehend.

Finding an ‘normal’ is interesting, for various reasons.

UK medical attendants can work in the NHS or the confidential area and pay can change significantly between the areas. What’s more, inside the NHS, pay changes as per experience and expert turn of events.

Different work sheets and enrollment locales that track the pay rates of occupations they post recommend the typical pay of a UK nurture is somewhere near the £35,000 to £38,000 a year point.

Strangely, over half of Grown-up attendants are between the age of 41 and 60. And keeping in mind that certain individuals really do become attendants in their 40s and then some, we likewise realize that by far most of recently qualified medical caretakers are younger than 30.

That proposes the typical medical caretaker has no less than 5 years’ insight, which compares with the £35,000 to £38,000 territory.

It doesn’t be guaranteed to reflect private area pay yet considering that by far most of medical caretakers work in the NHS, this figure appears to be the most dependable accessible.

An Investigation Of Private And Public Area Nursing Pay

While NHS pay for medical caretakers is obviously organized, confidential area pay can differ fiercely.

First off, numerous confidential area medical attendants who could work for private medical care associations, schools or noble cause commonly arrange their compensations. Similar to the case in most different businesses, occupations can be publicized without plainly characterized compensations or will be caveated with ‘pay subject to encounter’.

Accordingly, the confidential versus NHS pay banter is an inconceivable one to address. Set forth plainly, some confidential area attendants will procure more than in the NHS, and some less.

It’s best rather to consider different elements encompassing this discussion – and what sort of individual you are. The NHS offers dependability and unwavering quality. The compensation bandings and advantages are clear and steadfast. You know where you are with a NHS work.

In any case, a confidential nursing position will work distinctively through and through. While you could hit a banding roof at the NHS, similar imperatives will not be guaranteed to apply secretly. Very much like the remainder of the UK’s confidential area laborers, assuming you believe you’re worth more, you can stroll into your manager’s office and inquire. However, nothing is ensured – so there are no gradual or government rises.

Nonetheless, to comprehend the advantages of being a NHS nurture, you truly need to consider the advantages bundle as well…

It doesn’t be guaranteed to reflect private area pay however considering that by far most of medical attendants work in the NHS, this figure appears to be the most solid that anyone could hope to find.

What Are The More extensive Advantages Of Being A NHS Medical caretaker?

One of the most outstanding parts of being a NHS nurture is the inarguably incredible advantages – which truly do definitively affect your generally monetary conditions.

Here are probably awesome:

Improved pay for unsociable hours – somewhere in the range of 30% and 60% above standard rate for night moves, ends of the week and bank occasions
The NHS Benefits Plan stays one of the most liberal and exhaustive in the UK (it’s significant that worker commitments are commonly higher than in the confidential area, in any case)
27 days’ vacation each year, in addition to bank occasions
Free admittance to word related wellbeing and guiding help
A half year full compensation and a half year half compensation for debilitated leave
Liberal maternity and paternity leave (well over the legal least)
Tremendous and shifted admittance to instructional classes and expert turn of events – frequently with full help and subsidizing from the trust you work with

For some attendants, really the advantages seal the deal when deciding to work for the NHS.

What Are The Advantages and disadvantages Of Bank And Organization Nursing Concerning Pay?

Another normal confusion encompasses office work.

Super durable medical attendants frequently work close by organization attendants on specific movements, and immediately get on that their hourly rate far surpasses their own. From this, an end is immediately leaped to: I’d procure more as an organization nurture. Also, this isn’t really the situation.

While an office rate is normally higher, organization attendants become no ill compensation or yearly leave. Moreover, there is no assurance of work, and to work reliably you may be compelled to work in areas or disciplines you’d don’t really want to. Also, ‘organization covers’ are being applied to trusts the nation over – which is undermining how much office nurture each trust can really utilize.

So pay in this example truly is about more than cash. For the ideal individual however, being an organization nurture truly can pay off. The best office medical attendants cast their nets broadly. They could enlist for bank work at two adjoining trusts, and afterward with a nursing office as well. Thus, they must be available to a wide assortment of chances, working in emergency clinics, clinical focuses, detainment facilities or schools over time. Be that as it may, in the event that you’re a medical caretaker hoping to construct insight and evaluate different disciplines, this can all help you out – all while supporting your compensation bundle.

The reality is to comprehend the sort of individual you are, and the sort of medical caretaker you need to be. The two different ways of working can be monetarily fulfilling assuming you approach them in the correct manner. Furthermore, you can obviously switch at whatever point fundamental – as a certified medical caretaker, long-lasting, NHS, private, office and bank work is all available to you.

What Level Of Liability And Obligations Might You at any point Expect Inside Each Nursing Band?

Nursing Paper

Band 5 – Recently Qualified Medical attendant

As a recently qualified nurture, you’ll begin at the lower part of Band 5. Ordinarily, you’ll begin in a medical clinic setting and afterward progress inside your ward – acquiring experience as you climb inside your banding.

Many wards have a genuinely make vocation movement way set up all along, which assists you with preparing. Preparing open doors will be imperative not exclusively to climbing inside your banding, yet to giving yourself the fundamental abilities to go after Band 6 jobs.

Band 6 – Senior Attendant, Wellbeing Guest and Expert Medical caretakers

Band 6 jobs will frequently include comparable assignments and obligations to Band 5 – yet the fundamental distinction is that they will be more particular. A genuine illustration of a Band 6 work would be a wellbeing guest, which would require a few further capabilities. Similarly, you should have practical experience in concentrated care or long haul care, with these jobs frequently accompanying a Band 6 compensation.

Ultimately, to advance to Band 6, you should seek after some further preparation inside an expert region – yet the trust you’re working for will frequently give subsidizing or backing to this.

Band 7 – Ward Chief, High level Medical caretaker Expert

Band 7 jobs regularly require an Expert’s level degree or same – however once more, trusts are much of the time extremely quick to help their nursing staff in achieving these capabilities. Furthermore, significantly, errands and obligations truly move forward an indent. Normal models incorporate High level Attendant Professionals (ANPs), whose cutting-edge preparing permits them to direct definite evaluations, make analyze and recommend medication. As a matter of fact, at this level, a medical caretaker’s job starts to incorporate liabilities you could typically connect with a specialist.

You can likewise advance to this level inside a more point by point specialism. A working division professional, for instance, could set up a patient for medical procedure and help the careful group. These high level abilities require a ton of additional review and many years’ insight, however it’s a profession course that frequently starts with a standard Band 5 nursing post.

Besides, as a general point, some more administrative nursing jobs (like a Ward Supervisor) may very much squeeze into Band 7.

Band 8 – Present day Lady or Boss Medical attendant

For medical caretakers, this banding reflects heads of nursing groups. You will in any case do many nursing obligations, yet you’ll likewise take care of an enormous group of staff. At this level, demonstrated administration abilities are fundamental, so it’s about experience and not simply capabilities. Compensations can bounce gigantically in this banding, however that is a direct result of the additional obligation and the definitely extended periods

Band 9 – Expert

Band 9 is solely for advisor level attendants. Here, you should be a specialist in your field – demonstrated through experience and study. Like experts or counselors in some other industry, you’ll be entrusted with assisting with molding undeniable level navigation. Arriving at this level will require a profession long quest for expert abilities and capabilities to enhance your professional experience.

A last note on bandings and jobs

While a recently qualified medical caretaker will constantly be put into a Band 5 job, from band 6 onwards the topic of what jobs fit which bandings turns out to be more intricate.

A genuine model may be a High level Medical caretaker Practitoner.

Generally speaking this is classed as a Band 7 job. Notwithstanding, where it’s somewhat more specific, it is every so often presented as a Band 8a job (for instance, something like a High level Neonatal Medical caretaker Expert).

So any groupings of bandings and jobs must be viewed as an aide as it were. Any place you are in your profession, the jobs you try towards and which banding they are on could shift relying upon the specialization, and, surprisingly, the NHS Trust itself.

You can likewise advance to this level inside a more point by point specialism. A working division professional, for instance, could set up a patient for medical procedure and help the careful group. These high level abilities require a ton of additional review and many years’ insight, however it’s a profession course that frequently starts with a standard Band 5 nursing post.

As a result of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, infectious diseases remain one of the major causes of death

As a result of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, infectious diseases remain one of the major causes of death. The rate at which microbial organisms continue to be resistant is significantly high globally (Schmitz et al., 1999). Consequently, the elevated level of resistance of pathogens and the ineffectiveness of the antibiotics has created a need to find other options (Ravikumar et al., 2010a). Manufacturing of new drugs, which are effective and without any other consequences is very necessary in order to deal with these issues. Overall, in order to come up with stronger antibiotics for killing the bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other harmful microorganisms, marine plants, such as mangroves, seaweeds, seagrasses, and marine sponges have been subjected to deep research (Ravikumar et al., 2009&2011).

A medical plant has medical elements or substances that can be used for medical purposes: either it can be utilized as medicine, or it can be used to make a drug (Sofowora, 1982). Medicinal plants, over time, have played a significant role in curing human diseases and almost three quarters of the world’s population use plants to carry out health surveys (Farnsworth, 1994; Joy et al., 1998 and Harvey, 2000). Typically, natural products, as well as the newest drugs, are majorly made from plants and microbes (Hayashi et al., 1997; Armaka et al., 1999; Lin et al., 1999a &b; Basso et al., 2005 and Harvey, 2000). The bioassay-guided isolation is key in drug synthesis from the naturalproducts and is derived from the traditional uses of local plants (ethnobotanical and ethanopharmacological applications) (Atta-ur-Rahman and Choudhary, 1999).

Seagrasses are marine plants which are found in large numbers in the tidal and sub tidal parts most sear apart from those in the Polar Regions. People who live in the coastal regions are well known for using the leafy part of seagrasses as food (Hemminga and Duarte, 2000). Seagrasses have been widely used as medicine to various ailments, including skin problems, fiver, muscle pains, and stomach aches, among other ailments in folk medicine (de la Torre-Castro and Rönnbäck, 2004). Seagrasses were also famous in India for managing heart conditions, nutritious purposes, fertilizers, as well as animal feeds (Newmaster et al., 2011). A number of seagrasses have been highly associated with antibacterial activities. For instance, ​Halophila stipulacea, Cymodocea serrulata ​and ​Halodule pinifolia ​(Kannan et al., 2010).

The genotoxicity assays based on molecular techniques which have been exploited. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay based on PCR amplification of random DNA fragments of genomic DNA (Atienzar et al., 1999). It has been used to detect DNA damage and mutations in different organisms (Savva, 1998 and Atienzar et al., 2001)

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of seagrass, ​Halodule uninervis from the Jeddah city (Obhur Aljanoubiyah) in Saudi Arabia against some pathogenic bacteria.

Materials and Methods

Sample collection

Fresh leaves of ​Halodule uninervis were collected from the intertidal region of Jeddah city (Obhur Aljanoubiyah) 21º 42′ 32.2” N 39º 05′ 47.3” E (Lat.) then, rapidly attended to the laboratory in sterile plastic bags containing water to inhibit the evaporation.

Extraction

According to Boreu and Derevici, (1978), ten Grams of dried seagrasses leaves samples. Adding 100 ml of distilled water or organic solvents (Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Petroleum ether) (1:10 W/V) to make the extraction by using separating funnel and shaking for 72 hours at room temperature. Their solvents extract was filtered through Whatman filter paper (No.1) and then evaporating the solvents under low pressure at 40°C until dryness. The plant extracts were all dissolved in DMSO and kept in small closed vials at low temperature 4°C.

Bacterial Strains

Seven tested bacterial strains were (four Gram-positive: ​Bacillus subtilis (ATCC11774); Methicillin-Resistant ​Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC977); ​Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213) and ​Micrococcus luteus (ATCC4698) and three Gram-negative: ​Escherichia coli (ATCC8739); ​Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC700603) and ​Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853). Those strains were provided by Microbiologics® USA. The bacteria were obtained from King Abdulaziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Antibacterial Activity

Antibacterial activities of plant extracts were tested against different test microorganisms using agar well diffusion method described by Egorove (1985). Pouring 20 ml of Mueller-Hinton agar in petri dishes. A suspension of testing microorganisms were add to Mueller-Hinton agar for bacteria. Using sterile cork borer, three wells of 5 mm diameter in agar plate were made. Putting 50 μl of the tested leaves extracts in each well. Plates were left for one hour at 4°C and then incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Inhibition zones (including the diameter of disc) were measured. The obtained results were compared with DMSO as a negative control and with different antibiotic as a positive control.

DNA Extraction

Genomic DNA was extracted from bacterial samples using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, USA) according to manufacturer Extracted DNA was stored at -20ºC until further use.

Results

All four tested solvents extracts was inhibited the growth of all bacterial pathogens by different zones. The highest zone of inhibition by ethanolic extract against ​P. aeruginosa was showed (33.33 mm) followed by (24.67 mm) with ​B. subtilis in the same extract. The lowest zone of inhibition by petroleum ether extract against ​S. aureus was obtained (11.67 mm). No inhibition zone was seen by distilled water except in ​P. aeruginosa which was appeared (14.67 mm) zone. The antibacterial activity of ​Halodule uninervis​ extracts on seven bacterial pathogens were presented in ​Table 2​.

Molecular RAPD-PCR of ​Pseudomonas​ ​aeruginosa

Twelve preselected random primers (RAPD) exhibited polymorphism obtained from the DNAs of seven samples of PC: ​Pseudomonas ​aeruginosa ​Control, PT: ​Pseudomonas ​aeruginosa ​Treatment. Study ​P. ​aeruginosa under investigation was the DNA based analysis of plant extraction treatment​. ​All primers used in the present study resulted in the appearance of PCR products with varied fragment numbers as shown in (Figure 1). A total of 102 DNA fragments were detected across the twelve random primers, 37 of them were polymorphic (about 36%).

Primer UBC-208 has 8 amplicons which included 3 polymorphic amplicons and 5 monomorphic fragments that shows 60% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 500 to 1500bp (Figure 1.A). Primer UBC-228 has 12 amplicons which included 7 polymorphic amplicons and 5 monomorphic fragments that shows 71% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 400 to 2000bp (Figure 1.B). Primer UBC-241 has 12 amplicons which included 6 polymorphic amplicons and 6 monomorphic fragments that shows 100% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 300 to 2000bp (Figure 1.C). Primer UBC-270 has 3 amplicons which included 0 polymorphic amplicons and 3 monomorphic fragments. The fragment sizes ranged from 300 to 900bp (Figure 1.D).

Primer UBC-272 has 5 amplicons which included 2 polymorphic amplicons and 3 monomorphic fragments that shows 66% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 400 to 1500bp (Figure 1.E). Primer UBC-275 has 8 amplicons which included 3 polymorphic amplicons and 5

monomorphic fragments that shows 60% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 400 to 6000bp (Figure 1.F). Primer UBC-277 has 8 amplicons which included 2 polymorphic amplicons and 6 monomorphic fragments that shows 33% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 400 to 4000bp (Figure 1.G). Primer UBC-287 has 6 amplicons which included 1 polymorphic amplicons and 5 monomorphic fragments that shows 20% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 300 to 3000bp (Figure 1.H).

Primer UBC-325 has 6 amplicons which included 2 polymorphic amplicons and 4 monomorphic fragments that shows 50% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 300 to 3000bp (Figure 1.I). Primer UBC-327 has 15 amplicons which included 9 polymorphic amplicons and 6 monomorphic fragments that shows 60% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 300 to 2500bp (Figure 1.J). Primer UBC-700 has 13 amplicons which included 0 polymorphic amplicons and 13 monomorphic fragments. The fragment sizes ranged from 300 to 2500bp (Figure 1.K). Primer UBC-44 has 6 amplicons which included 2 polymorphic amplicons and 4 monomorphic fragments that shows 50% percent of polymorphic. The fragment sizes ranged from 300 to 2000bp (Figure 1.L).

Discussion

Due to the increasing of the resistance rate of microorganisms on the antibiotic drugs in the recent past, the field of clinical treatment for infectious diseases has faced big problems diseases (Ravikumar et al., 2010).There are various reports on the ability of seaweeds, mangroves and other marine plants to kill microorganism activities while little has been written about the global seagrasses and there is also minute information about those (Kannan et al​., ​2010). The purpose of this study is to assess and compare how and the potential of seagrass extracts in the synthesis of bioactive substances, which can be used for therapeutic purposes. The exhibition of antimicrobial activities in the seagrass demonstrated their ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites.

The antibacterial activity of three different leaves extracts of ​H. uninervis ​against seven bacterial pathogens strains were effective. Among them, ethanol extract was the more effective against ​P. aeruginosa than other extracts, this showed that ethanol is suitable for extracting active compounds from seagrass. These findings were supported by the earlier studies which suggested that the methanolic extract of ​Enhalus acoroides produced a stronger effect against ​P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae​and ​S. aureus when compared to the hexane extract (Alam et al., 1994). This study demonstrated that the best antimicrobial activity was in the ethanoic extract, which concurred with other earlier reports (Umamaheshwari et al., 2009) and the ethanolic and methanolic extractions of the seagrasses ​Halophila ovalis and ​Halodule pinafolia were preferable than the other tested extracts because their better inhibition zones against tested bacteria (Mani et al., 2012).

Our most recent study showed that Gram-negative bacteria were more imoressible compared to the Gram-positive bacteria. This concurred with the findings of a certain report that there was an anti-fouling of various marine organisms against ​Bacillus and ​Pseudomonas ​sp. (Bhosale et al., 2002). The inconsistencies of the extracts in the antibacterial activity can be as a result of the variations of antimicrobial agents from species to species (Lustigman and Brown, 1991).

The lowest antimicrobial effect was observed in the extracts of ethyl acetate of ​H. uninervis​. Also, the results suggested that ​P. aeruginosa had a moderate sensitivity rate when the aqueous extracts were used against them, unlike the other microorganisms. This agrees with another report that aqueous extracts of ​C. routundata did not show any activity with all the test bacteria which showed very poor activity (Mani et al., 2012).

Also because of the reported study of phytochemical analysis of Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Aqueous extracts of three glycosides have saponins and tannins. Sugars and quinine were absent in all the three seagrasses (​Cymodocea serrulata, Halophila ovalis and Halodule pinifolia​) (Sangeetha and Asokan, 2016). The earlier reports like Ergene et al., (2006) who revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, proteins, resins, reducing sugar, acidic compounds, alkaloids, cardiac

glycosides and terpenoids in the phytochemical analysis of ​C. rotundata​. Glycoside, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoides and alkaloids which considered as phytochemical compounds

In the RAPD-PCR profile, the change of fragments number and the variation in their intensity due to the change of genetic material. The stability of genomic template (GTS, %) refers to the extent of damaged DNA and DNA efficiency to repair and replication (Rocco et al., ​2011​). For instance, the high level of damaged DNA dose not reduce the stability of genomic template that due to the inhibition of DNA repair and replication resulting of excessive or lethal actions of the plant extract.

The results show a clear evidence of plant extract ability to mutate which appearance of many genetic fragments compared with untreated bacteria (control). These genetics techniques obtained by (Adam et al., 2000; Morita et al., 2005 and Gilani et al., 2006).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973789/#CR31

International Journal of Nursing Practice states

As a nurse preceptor for new grads coming on to the our unit I see the pressure there is to have all of this documentation and the amount of time away from the patient the nurse has to spend sitting down making sure the documention is intact. Now don’t get me wrong I know documentation is crucial but should it trump patient care. There is a disconnect the amount of charting done and the time spent face to face with the patient, especially considering the aging population that have not grown up in front of an electronic devise. I feel the pressure myself when im taking care of my 5-6 patients and the amount of charting needing to be completed and then God forbid I have to stay over to complete my charting. As the journal International Journal of Nursing Practice states; The Complexities in nursing documentation include three aspects: disruption, incompleteness and inappropriate charting. Related factors that influenced documentation comprised: limited nurses’ competence, motivation and confidence; ineffective nursing procedures; and inadequate nursing audit, supervision and staff development. These findings suggest that complexities in nursing documentation require extensive resolution and implicitly dictate strategies for nurse managers and nurses to take part in solving these complicated obstacles.

there needs to be a middle ground and it should be lead by nurses that are currently performing bedside nursing, not the nurses that have been away from the floor and have lost touch with the work that is being done.

Comment 2

Nursing is a constantly changing field. For as long as an individual is a nurse, they have an opportunity to learn. Patients’ needs change, and care delivery changes, resulting in a need for the nurse to understand, and adhere to these changes. Nursing research and evidence-based studies allows for nurses to thoroughly take a look at issues (or potential issues) in nursing, and find ways to fix them. One issue that has been ongoing in nursing from the beginning of time (probably since Florence nightingale years), until now is nursing staffing issues. Studies have shown that shortages in nursing staffing levels have contributed to poor patient care, and clinical errors. “The quality of care that nurses provide is influenced by individual nurse characteristics such as knowledge and experience, as well as human factors such as fatigue” (Clarke & Donaldson, 2008). In recent years, more studies have been done on understaffing nurses, and its effect on quality patient care. These studies have concluded that adequate nurse to patient ratios generally ensure that the patients receive better care. This finding is of no surprise considering, a nurse that is caring for an adequate amount of patients as more time to complete things that although may not be essential to their care, nonetheless will affect the quality of the care the patient receives. An example of this would be, a nurse that notices that her ICU patient still has residue on them from a motor vehicle accident, however that nurse may not be able to remove some of that dirt, and debris if he/she has two other very ill patients. On the other hand, that same nurse, that has only one patient would be able to give that same patient a bed bath, if he/she is her only patient. This small yet grand act of giving the patient a bed bath makes a lot of difference to the patient, and patient’s family.