Discuss appropriate nursing interventions based on this scenario

Content

Previous item

 
Page 7 of 9
 

Next item

Click to LaunchRoman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";”>

Note: You cannot post to this discussion until week 3.

The registered nurse is making a home care visit to a patient recovering from a deep partial thickness burn of the left hand, forearm, and left side of the chest. The RN assesses the wound and asks the patient and family member who assists the patient to describe how wound care is performed. The RN learns that honey has been used instead of the topical antibiotic, silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene), because it is hard for them to clean the wound after the Silvadene is used and the process is very painful. When the nurse asks the patient to rate the pain on a 0-10 verbal pain scale the patient responds It is an 8. I had so much pain when I was in the hospital I keep having nightmares.

Discuss appropriate nursing interventions based on this scenario. Would the RN support the continued use of honey or would the RN emphasize the need to only use the Silvadene, which was ordered by the health care provider, for wound care? What else would the nurse consider? What evidence would support the RN’s decision?

The following articles may provide information to help you create an evidence-based response to this issue.

·        

Belcher, J. (2012).
 
A review of medical-grade honey in wound care
.
 British Journal of Nursing
, 21(15), S4-S9.

·        

Connor-Ballard, P.A. (2009).
 
Understanding and managing burn pain: Part 1
.
 American Journal of Nursing
, 109(4), 48-56.

·        

Connor-Ballard, P.A. (2009).
 
Understanding and managing burn pain: Part 2
.
 American Journal of Nursing
, 109(5), 48-56.

In your responses to your peers’ posts provide constructive and insightful comments that go beyond that of agree or disagree.

Compose your work using a word processor and save it, as a Plain Text or an .rtf, to your computer. When you’re ready to make your initial posting, please click on the Create Thread button and copy/paste the text from your document into the message field. Be sure to check your work and correct any spelling or grammatical errors before you post it.

You are required to post your initial response to the discussion question by Wednesday at 11:59 PM (EST) of the week it is due. Your initial post cannot be a response to another student’s post. Students who do not submit their response to the discussion questions as noted above will have 10 points deducted from their discussion question grade for that week.

When you’re ready to make your initial posting, please click on the Create Thread button and copy/paste the text from your document into the message field.

This activity will be assessed according to the
 
AD Nursing: Discussion Question Rubric

Click here for more on this paper…….

Click here to have a similar A+ quality paper done for you by one of our writers within the set deadline at a discounted…..

professional Nursing organization

Choose a professional nursing organization that relates to the nursing profession or your clinical practice area. Assuming that you are the chairperson of membership for the organization, create a full-page flyer designed to recruit new members to the professional organization. In your flyer, include:

The function of the organization, as well as its mission and vision.
Potential advantages of membership in the organization.
Provide resource information for new members, including contact information, membership requirements, and organizational endorsements (i.e., what other members or other organizations are saying about the selected organization).
Create a topic for an upcoming meeting that would appeal to your target audience.
While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines,this assignment uses a rubric.

Please Share This

Assign 1-WK 7(A)

1) THE ASSIGNMENT IS ATTACHED AS ——Captain of the Ship Project –

Obsessive- Compulsive Disorders. (Assign 1-WK 7(A)

&

(2) SEE THE ATTACHED EXAMPLE FOR “Captain of the Ship Project” FOR

GUIDANCE)
Assignment: “Captain of the Ship”Project – Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Although actual statistics vary, obsessive-compulsive disorder impacts approximately 1.2% of the population in the United States (APA, 2013, p. 239). It is characterized by the presence of obsessive thoughts, which are manifested as persistent thoughts, images, or even “urges.” The only way that the individual can disperse the anxiety of these persistent thoughts/images or urges is to perform a behavior (the compulsion). The compulsion could be checking things, counting, reciting a silent prayer, or repeating a number of phrases. The disorder becomes so pervasive that the person can spend a significant amount of time each day attending to the compulsion in order to relieve the anxiety caused by the obsession.

Assignment

In this assignment, you will become “captain of the ship” as you take full responsibility for a client with an obsessive-compulsive disorder by recommending psychopharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy, identifying medical management needs and community support, and recommending follow-up plans.

Remember that there is an excellent example for ‘Captain of the Ship’ project attached with this ASSIGNMENT.

Instructions:

To prepare for this Assignment

Select an adult or older adult client with a bipolar disorder that you have seen in your practicum/clinical rotation site.

In 3-4 pages, write a treatment plan for your client. In which you do the following:

· Describe the history of the present illness (HPI) and clinical impression for the client.

· Recommend psychopharmacologic treatments based on evidence-based practice and describe specific and therapeutic end points for your psychopharmacologic agent. (This should relate to HPI and clinical impression.).

· Recommend psychotherapy choices (individual, family, and group) and specific therapeutic endpoints for your choices.

· Identify medical management needs, including primary care needs, specific to this client.

· Identify community support resources (housing, socioeconomic needs, etc.) and community agencies that are available to assist the client.

Recommend a plan for follow-up intensity and frequency and collaboration with other providers.

N: B. (1)The Captain of the Ship project needs to show that you are evaluating the patient, making a diagnosis, providing treatment plans and outcomes as well as collaborating with other providers. The project MUST meet all these requirements. (2) The choice of medications should be clear, and the medical management should be clear. (3) Consider using the bipolar disorder algorithm from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/bipolar-disorder/new-psychopharmacology-algorithms

Learning Resources

Required Readings

-Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Chapter 10, “Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders” (pp. 418–436)

-Gabbard, G. O. (2014). Gabbard’s treatment of psychiatric disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publications.

Chapter 21, “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder”

-American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

“Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders”

-Stahl, S. M. (2014). Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

To access information on specific medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th Ed. tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Medication

citalopram

clomipramine

escitalopram

fluoxetine

fluvoxamine

paroxetine

sertraline

venlafaxine

vilazodone

-Thompson-Hollands, J., Edson, A., Tompson, M. C., & Comer, J. S. (2014). Family involvement in the psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(3), 287–298. doi:10.1037/a0036709

Required Media

-Bruce, T. & Jongsma, A. (Producers). (n.d.) Evidence-based treatment planning for obsessive compulsive disorder [Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.

Optional Resources

-Himle, J. A., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Nguyen, A. (2013). The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and religious faith: Clinical characteristics and implications for treatment. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(S), 53–70. doi:10.1037/2326-4500.1.S.53

-Wheaton, M. G., Rosenfield, D., Foa, E. B., & Simpson, H. B. (2015). Augmenting serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive–compulsive disorder: What moderates improvement? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(5), 926–937. doi:10.1037/ccp0000025
Week 5 Assignment 1 Captain of the Ship

Obsessive Compulsive

SSS University

Nurs 5555: PMHNP Role II

Dr. Jack Taa

January 10, 2017

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is represented by a diverse group of symptoms that include intrusive thoughts, rituals, preoccupations, and compulsions (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2014). These recurring obsessions or compulsions cause severe distress to the person. An obsession is a recurrent and intrusive thought while a compulsion is a conscious, standardized, recurrent behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore management strategies of OCD in adult clients. As the PMHNP, I will discuss a case and recommend treatment modalities, medical management, follow-up plan and collaboration in the care of a client with OCD.

History of present illness (HPI) and Clinical Impression

HPI: K. K. a 22 yo CF referred for a psychiatric evaluation by her PCP. Karen reports a complaint of “I need help, I can’t keep a job because of these rituals I have.” She reports that she cannot maintain a job because of her rituals of checking locks. Karen has recurrent thoughts that she had left the door of her apartment and car unlocked. She reports leaving work several times daily to check the locks on both her car and apartment. Additionally, because she often had the thought that she had not locked the door to the car, it was difficult for her to leave the car or apartment until she had repeatedly checked that it was secured causing her to be late for work. She has been fired several times for tardiness and poor attendance however checking the locks decreases her anxiety about security. Karen denies any medical issues and is not currently taking any medications. She also denies the use of any alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs. Reports a family history of depression in both maternal and paternal grandmothers. Karen recognizes that she is needs help and is eager to begin treatment.

Assessment: A healthy, well-groomed 22yo CF in no acute distress. A, A&Ox4, pleasant and appropriately dressed. Makes good eye contact however mood is depressed with a flat affect; recent and remoter memory are intact. Karen’s thoughts are circumstantial and preoccupied with obsessions and compulsions. Her insight and judgment are fair. Denies SI/HI/AVH.

Clinical Impression: Based on the diagnostic criteria in APA (2013), a diagnosis of OCD is made.

Psychopharmacology

If the patient’s symptoms cause a significant impairment in function or distress, treatment is recommended (Fenske and Petersen, 2015). Based on Karen’s report of losing several jobs because of tardiness and attendance, there is a significant impairment in social and home functionality. Karen also reports that her rituals cause her significant distress. The standard approach is to start treatment with an SSRI or clomipramine and then move to other pharmacological strategies if the SSRI is not effective (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2014). I will initiate Prozac 40mg oral daily as it is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for treatment of OCD (Stahl, 2014). I will have the patient return to clinic in week to assess for tolerability and increase to the suggested 80mg oral daily. Higher dosages have often been necessary for a beneficial effect (Stahl, 2014). I prefer to initiate with an SSRI (Prozac) as opposed to tricyclic (Clomipramine) for the less troubling adverse effects associated with Clomipramine. Karen will be informed that she might experience sleep disturbances, nausea, diarrhea, headache and anxiety which are all adverse effects of SSRIs. The desired outcome of pharmacotherapy is to reduce the patient’s intrusive thoughts that cause the compulsions that interfere with her home and work life. Well controlled studies have found that pharmacotherapy, behavior therapy, or combination of both is effective in significantly reducing the symptoms of patients with OCD (Fenske and Petersen, 2015).

Psychotherapy

Some studies indicate that behavior therapy is as effective as pharmacotherapies in OCD and some indicate that the beneficial effects are longer lasting with behavior therapy (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2014). Many clinicians consider behavior therapy the treatment of choice for OCD and also because it can be conducted in both outpatient and inpatient settings. With the prinicpal behavioral approaches being exposure and response prevention, patients must be committed to improvement as Karen is. Behavior therapy will be initiated the same week as pharmacotherapy. The goal of therapy is to change the client’s behavior to reduce dysfunction and to improve her quality of life. A psychotherapist will be consulted to intiate and manage therapy sessions.

Medical Management

I will consult with Karen’s PCP for updates and additional concerns. Since she has been with her PCP for more than 5 years, he has good insight into her life. We will discuss baseline labs such as CBC, CMP, TSH, hepatic panel. Since with SSRIs, nausea, headache dry mouth and diarrhea are common side effects, monitoring the patient’s electrolytes is important. I would also recommend an EKG for baseline and follow up after medication initiation as SSRIs can lengthen the OT interval in otherwise health people (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2014). Community resources such as the local chapter of the OCD Foundation will be provided to Karen for support services.

Follow -up Plan and Collaboration

Karen was instructed to follow up in 1 week to monitor tolerability and compliance of medicaiton and dose adjustment. Subsequently, she will return every 4 weeks for medication management. She is also instructed to begin behavior therapy the same week as medication are initiated and to follow up weekly for therapy sessions. I will consult with the therapist weekly for updates and any concerns or questions. I will reiterate and reinforce to both the PCP and therapist the importance of monitoring for suicidal ideations as the patient is taking an antidepressant and abuptly stopping will increase risk of suicide. About one-third of patients with OCD have major depressive disorder, and suicide is a risk for all patients with OCD (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2014).

Conclusion

A poor prognosis is indicated by Karen yielding to rather than resisting compulsion or the need for hospitalization. A good prognosis for Karen is indicated by good home, social and occupational adjustment. The importance of an interdisciplinary team including PCP, therapist and other ancillaries will benefit the client for a better quality of life.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Fenske, N. & Petersen, K. (2015). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Diagnosis and Management. American Family Physician, 92(10): 896-903. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org.afp

/2015/1115/p896.html

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer

Stahl, S.M. (2014). Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Application of Community Health and Population-Focused Nursing

Introduction:

With the increased mobility of human populations, diseases can quickly spread around the world. In addition, changes in vaccination practices have indicated an increase in communicable diseases that were once thought to be under control. These global health issues present new problems for community health officials. In this task, you will analyze a specific, recent outbreak of a global communicable disease that has crossed international borders (i.e. TB outbreak, Haiti to U.S.). Choose one of the following communicable disease outbreaks to address in your task:

• avian influenza
• measles
• respiratory syndrome coronavirus
• meningococcal disease
• tuberculosis
• malaria

Note: If you are a student who does not reside in the state of California, you were incorrectly enrolled in this performance assessment and should be enrolled in a different one. Please contact Ecare@WGU.edu to rectify this error.

Requirements:

A. Analyze the selected communicable disease outbreak by doing the following:
1. Describe a specific, communicable disease outbreak.

Note: This may include the name of the disease, countries involved, date discovered, and date disease reached certain countries.

2. Analyze the epidemiological determinants of the outbreak.
a. Discuss the route of transmission of the disease causing the outbreak.
b. Discuss any risk factors involved.
3. Discuss how the outbreak could affect your community at a systems level (i.e., how it will affect the functioning of schools, local government, businesses, hospitals).
4. Explain what the reporting protocol would be if an outbreak were to occur in your community.
5. Develop a plan for how you would report about the outbreak to key stakeholders in your community.
6. Discuss strategies (e.g., patient education strategies, community education strategies) that you would recommend to prevent an outbreak in your community.

B. Include all in-text citations and references in APA format.

Note: For definitions of terms commonly used in the rubric, see the Rubric Terms web link included in the Evaluation Procedures section.

Note: When using sources to support ideas and elements in an assessment, the submission MUST include APA formatted in-text citations with a corresponding reference list for any direct quotes or paraphrasing. It is not necessary to list sources that were consulted if they have not been quoted or paraphrased in the text of the assessment.

Note: No more than a combined total of 30% of a submission can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from outside sources, even if cited correctly. For tips on using APA style, please refer to the APA Handout web link included in the APA Guidelines section.

Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples

Course Project: Introduction to Course Project

Evidence-based practice involves a great deal more than simply reading nursing periodicals on a regular basis. Nurses can take a more proactive approach to evidence-based practice by identifying authentic problems and concerns, and then using that to guide their inquiries into current research. In this way, nurses can connect the results of relevant research studies to their nursing practice.

For the Course Project, you identify and apply relevant research to a specific nursing topic or problem. You begin by formulating an answerable question that is relevant to nursing and evidence-based practice. In later weeks of this course, you continue the Course Project by conducting a literature review and then determining how the evidence from the literature can be applied to nursing practice.

Before you begin, review the Course Project Overview document located in this week’s Learning Resources.

Course Project: Part 1—Identifying a Researchable Problem

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

One of the most challenging aspects of EBP is to actually identify the answerable question.

Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples

Formulating a question that targets the goal of your research is a challenging but essential task. The question plays a crucial role in all other aspects of the research, including the determination of the research design and theoretical perspective to be applied, which data will be collected, and which tools will be used for analysis. It is therefore essential to take the time to ensure that the research question addresses what you actually want to study. Doing so will increase your likelihood of obtaining meaningful results.

In this first component of the Course Project, you formulate questions to address a particular nursing issue or problem. You use the PICOT model—patient/population, intervention/issue, comparison, and outcome—outlined in the Learning Resources to design your questions.

Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples To prepare:

Review the article, “Formulating the Evidence Based Practice Question: A Review of the Frameworks,” found in the Learning Resources for this week. Focus on the PICOT model for guiding the development of research questions.

Review the section beginning on page 71 of the course text, titled, “Developing and Refining Research Problems” in the course text, which focuses on analyzing the feasibility of a research problem.

Reflect on an issue or problem that you have noticed in your nursing practice. Consider the significance of this issue or problem.

Generate at least five questions that relate to the issue which you have identified. Use the criteria in your course text to select one question that would be most appropriate in terms of significance, feasibility, and interest. Be prepared to explain your rationale.

Formulate a preliminary PICO question—one that is answerable—based on your analysis. What are the PICO variables (patient/population, intervention/issue, comparison, and outcome) for this question?

Note: Not all of these variables may be appropriate to every question. Be sure to analyze which are and are not relevant to your specific question.

Using the PICOT variables that you determined for your question, develop a list of at least 10 keywords that could be used when conducting a literature search to investigate current research pertaining to the question.

To complete:

Write a 3- to 4-page Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples paper that includes the following:

A summary of your area of interest, an identification of the problem that you have selected, and an explanation of the significance of this problem for nursing practice

The 5 questions you have generated and a description of how you analyzed them for feasibility

Your preliminary PICOT question and a description of each PICOT variable relevant to your question

At least 10 possible keywords that could be used when conducting a literature search for your PICOT question and a rationale for your selections

By Day 7

WEEK 5

Course Project: Part 2—Literature Review

This is a continuation of the Course Project presented in Week 2. Before you begin, review the Course Project Overview document located in the Week 2 Resources area.

The literature review is a critical piece in the research process because it helps a researcher determine what is currently known about a topic and identify gaps or further questions. Conducting a thorough literature review can be a time-consuming process, but the effort helps establish the foundation for everything that will follow. For this part of your Course Project, you will conduct a brief literature review to find information on the question you developed in Week 2. This will provide you with experience in searching databases and identifying applicable resources.

Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples To prepare:

Review the information in Chapter 5 of the course text, focusing on the steps for conducting a literature review and for compiling your findings.

Using the question you selected in your Week 2 Project (Part 1 of the Course Project), locate 5 or more full-text research articles that are relevant to your PICOT question. Include at least 1 systematic review and 1 integrative review if possible. Use the search tools and techniques mentioned in your readings this week to enhance the comprehensiveness and objectivity of your review. You may gather these articles from any appropriate source, but make sure at least 3 of these articles are available as full-text versions through Walden Library’s databases.

Read through the articles carefully. Eliminate studies that are not appropriate and add others to your list as needed. Although you may include more, you are expected to include a minimum of five articles. Complete a literature review summary table using the Literature Review Summary Table Template located in this week’s Learning Resources.

Prepare to summarize and synthesize the literature using the information on writing a literature review found in Chapter 5 of the course text.

To complete:

Write a 3- to 4-page literature review that includes the following:

A synthesis of what the studies reveal about the current state of knowledge on the question that you developed

Point out inconsistencies and contradictions in the literature and offer possible explanations for inconsistencies.

Preliminary conclusions on whether the evidence provides strong support for a change in practice or whether further research is needed to adequately address your inquiry

Your literature review summary table with all references formatted in correct APA style

wEEK 7

Assignment: Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies

Critiquing the validity and robustness of research featured in journal articles provides a critical foundation for engaging in evidence-based practice. In Weeks 5 and 6, you explored quantitative research designs. In Week 7, you will examine qualitative and mixed methods research designs. For this Assignment, which is due by Day 7 of Week 7, you critique a quantitative and either a qualitative or a mixed methods research study and compare the types of information obtained in each.

Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples To prepare:

Select a health topic of interest to you that is relevant to your current area of practice. The topic may be your Course Portfolio Project or a different topic of your choice.

Using the Walden Library, locate two articles in scholarly journals that deal with your portfolio topic: 1) Select one article that utilizes a quantitative research design and 2) select a second article that utilizes either a qualitative OR a mixed methods design. These need to be single studies not systematic or integrative reviews (including meta-analysis and metasynthesis). You may use research articles from your reference list. If you cannot find these two types of research on your portfolio topic, you may choose another topic.

Locate the following documents in this week’s Learning Resources to access the appropriate templates, which will guide your critique of each article:

Critique Template for a Qualitative Study

Critique Template for a Quantitative Study

Critique Template for a Mixed-Methods Study

Consider the fields in the templates as you review the information in each article. Begin to draft a paper in which you analyze the two research approaches as indicated below. Reflect on the overall value of both quantitative and qualitative research. If someone were to say to you, “Qualitative research is not real science,” how would you respond?

To complete this Assignment:

Complete the two critiques using the appropriate templates.

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

Contrast the types of information that you gained from examining the two different research approaches in the articles that you selected.

Describe the general advantages and disadvantages of the two research approaches featured in the articles. Use examples from the articles for support.

Formulate a response to the claim that qualitative research is not real science. Highlight the general insights that both quantitative and qualitative studies can provide to researchers. Support your response with references to the Learning Resources and other credible sources.

As you complete this Assignment, remember to:

Submit your paper to Grammarly and SafeAssign through the Walden Writing Center. Based on the Grammarly and SafeAssign reports, revise your paper as necessary.

Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The School of Nursing Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available from the Walden University website found in this week’s Learning Resources). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Combine all three parts of this assignment into one Word document including both critique templates and the narrative with your references. Submit this combined document.

week 10

Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples Course Project

By Day 7

Submit your Course Project. Reminder: You will combine Parts 1, 2, and 3 of your Course Project (assigned in Weeks 2, 4, and 8 respectively) into one cohesive and cogent paper.

Note: In addition, include a 1-page summary of your project.

For this final iteration you will need to:

Submit your Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples paper to Grammarly and SafeAssign through the Walden Writing Center. Based on then Grammarly and SafeAssign reports, revise your paper as necessary.

Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The School of Nursing Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available from the Walden University website found in this week’s Learning Resources). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Note: The Course Project will be your Portfolio Assignment for this course.

Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples Project for review and grading, do the following:

Please save your Project using the naming convention “WK10Proj+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.

Click the Week 10 Project Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Project.

Click the Week 10 Project link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK10Proj+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.

If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.

Click on the Submit button to complete your Evidence-based practice nursing essay examples submission.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

Review: New Contexts for Understanding Human Behavior

Reviewed Work(s): Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions. by Robert H. Frank Social and Personality Development: An Evolutionary Synthesis. by Kevin B. MacDonald

Roger D. Masters

The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 65, No. 2. (Jun., 1990), pp. 207-209.

Stable URL:

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770%28199006%2965%3A2%3C207%3ANCFUHB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4

The Quarterly Review of Biology is currently published by The University of Chicago Press.

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.

Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/ucpress.html.

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.

JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

http://www.jstor.org Fri Mar 30 08:40:36 2007

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770%28199006%2965%3A2%3C207%3ANCFUHB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4
http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html
http://www.jstor.org/journals/ucpress.html
JUNE 1990 N E W BIOLOGICAL BOOKS 207

ation for others, and the search for common goals so necessary for a functioning society? Most, if not all, existing ethical systems fail seriously to pass these tests. Snell then defines a “rational ethic” as one “that best serves the needs of those who espouse it. . . . an ethic in the humanist tradition, founded on rea- son and dedicated to human welfare” (p. 235). It must be compatible with the moral nature with which evo- lution has endowed us. It must assume a universal character, seeking to establish sufficient world unity to eliminate war. It should enlarge our circle of con- sideration; and it must be founded on the recogni- tion of individual differences. It should enlist the political process in order to insure adequate enforce- ment. Finally, it must fall within the scope of the possible, so that it may be accepted by enough peo- ple and with enough conviction that it will work. “To arrive at a rational ethic, the great need is consensus” (p. 238). Snell’s rational ethic would seek “the greatest total happiness, or . . . the greatest average happi- ness for each individual” (p. 239). A right act, then, is one that “in the light of the best available evidence, will make a greater contribution to human happi- ness than any available alternatives” (p. 239).

Looking at existing codes of ethical behavior, in the chapter, “The Rules We Live By:’ Snell points out the virtues and the failings of all these systems intended to regulate human behavior. Finally, in his last chapter, Looking to the Future, he opens his summation with the words:

The major thesis of this volume is that self- interest rightly understood leads us to socially responsible behavior. Moral action -action which serves the best interests of the group – follows naturally from an informed and rea- soned self-interest (p. 261).

Snell sees three requirements that must be met to permit major ethical reform: a crisis that will cre- ate a broad demand for such reform; a sufficient con- sensus, especially among the leaders of the people, that will allow concerted action to be made; and a program of education and institutional change that will provide the means. He recognizes the difficul- ties, but also emphasizes the challenge to men and women of good will. He ends with an eloquent per- oration:

If you love liberty, prefer honesty to deceit, value gentleness and kindness in your fellow man, cherish family and friends, and glory in the beauty of the world and the wonderful diversity of its creatures, then for the sake of yourself and your children and all that is good in the human spirit, join with like-thinking men and women everywhere to build, on the foun- dations of knowledge and reason, a future where goodness and love shall prevail (pp. 267-268).

NEW CONTEXTS FOR UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

ROGERD. MASTERS Department of Government, Dartmouth College,

Hanouer, New Hampshire 03755 USA

A review of PASSIONS THE STRATEGIC OFWITHIN REASON: ROLE THE EMOTIONS.

By Robert H. Frank. W W Norton, New Erk. $19.95. xv + 304 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 0-393-02604-3. 1988.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:AND PERSONALITY AN EVO- LUTIONARY SYNTHESIS.Perspectives in Developmental Psychology.

By Kevin B. MacDonald; Series Editor: Michael Lewis. Plenum Press, New York. $45.00. xv + 349 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 0-306-42891-1. 1988.

The social sciences are, slowly but unmistakably, un- dergoing a basic change. In economics, social psy- chology, political science, history, and sociology, the approaches of modern biology and evolutionary the- ory were until recently either ignored or rejected as ideologically biased; for at least two generations,

those seeking a science of human behavior usually took physics as their model. Today, the life sciences are increasingly becoming a framework within which social scientists find it possible to resolve theoretical dilemmas and enrich empirical work.

The books of Robert Frank (in economics) and Kevin MacDonald (in social psychology) illustrate this transformation, which might be described as what Thomas Kuhn would call a “paradigm shift.” Each author illustrates a different way of relating biological research to social science, and these works suggest how our understanding of human behavior can be improved by this trend.

Of the two, Frank’s book is the more elegant and lucidly written. He begins from the paradox, com- mon to game theory, economics, and individual se- lection models in evolutionary biology, that self- interested actors are not predicted to engage in a

208 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW VOLUMEOF BIOLOGY 65

host of widely observed behaviors that entail net short-run costs (albeit long-term benefits). Why do some people sue a neighbor for trespass when the costs of the suit are far greater than the benefits? Why does a reasonable traveler tip the waitress in a far-away city that will never be visited again? While Robert Trivers’s model of “reciprocal altruism” (or, in Richard Alexander’s term, “mutualism”) might explain cooperation among individuals who are likely to engage in role-reversal or to be observed by bystanders, humans -and even some nonhuman animals -often cooperate even when self-interested defection will be undetected. Why?

Using the well-known Prisoner’s Dilemma to il- lustrate this often discussed problem, Frank points out that the ability to communicate one’s habitual strategy has powerful effects on the balance between competition and cooperation. Relating this prob- lem in rational-choice theory to the work of Darwin, Frank then develops a brilliant analysis of the selec- tive advantages of facial displays and other expres- sive behaviors that communicate affect. In addition to these reputational effects, moreover, such emo- tional responses as guilt make it possible to pursue long-range gains that entail immediate net costs.

By working through the benefits of emotion as a solution to the paradoxes of game theory known as “commitment strategies:’ Frank shows how the for- mal cost-benefit theories of social behavior used in both economics and evolutionary biology can il- luminate the empirical study of nonverbal commu- nication and emotion. More impressively, he moves easily from incisive theoretical analysis to experimen- tal research, confirming the predicted increases in cooperation when individuals are allowed to com- municate before playing a Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Integrating research from many disciplines, Frank then shows how the effects of emotion on self-interest explain apparent anomalies in judgments of fairness, in love, and in altruistic behavior.

For its clarity in establishing a fundamental con- nection between cost-benefit models of choice, evolu- tionary biolog): and human psychology, Frank’s Pm- sions within Reason is probably one of the most important theoretical works in the social sciences to appear in the last decade. Kevin MacDonald’s So- cial and Personality Development may be as significant, but for a rather different reason.

MacDonald has written a textbook in social psy- chology that situates much of the work in that field in the context of contemporary ethology, sociobiol- ogy, and neurophysiology. Social and Personality De- velopment surveys extensive psychological research in temperament and personality, development, sex differences, and socialization. Fully conversant with the modes ofthought long traditional in psycho1og)i MacDonald insists that such research be integrated with the relevant insights from the life sciences.

Starting from the philosophy of science, Mac- Donald challenges the belief that all scientific the- ories are subjective, culture-based conventions or ideologies. Substantively, he addresses the nature- nurture debate, gene-environment interaction, sta- bility and change throughout development, and a host of issues that have aroused controversy in mod- ern psychology. In so doing, moreover, MacDonald shows how a balanced approach based on evolution- ary theory and ethology can avoid the pitfalls ofear- lier approaches to human social behavior.

Theories of personality, for example, have long posited dimensions of temperament or character by giving subjects questionnaires and subjecting the an- swers to factor analvsis. Because different factor ro- tations can be equally valid in mathematical terms, this results in personality categories that are to some degree arbitrary (p. 70). Following the lead of Gray and Cloninger, MacDonald argues that such cir- cularitv can be avoided if ~ersonalitv dimensions are derived from the evolved properties of human so- cial behavior as well as from the structure and func- tioning of the central nervous system. The result is a three-dimensional personality theory akin to that of Cloninger, in which emotionality or “reactivity” (Cloninger’s “novelty-seeking”), risk-taking or sen- sation-seeking (Cloninger’s “harm avoidance”), and social reward (Cloninger’s “reward dependence”) are distinct but interdependent traits that vary within and between human populations. Such a view leads to specific predictions that can be confirmed by ex- perimental and observational findings.

MacDonald goes on to show that in many other areas, empirical evidence contradicts rival psycho- logical theories that are based on ad hoc assump- tions and that lack a grounding in evolutionary bi- ology. H e surveys the literature on emotion and cognition (emphasizing that causation can be bi- directional); infant attachment and social ex- perience; parent-child relations; the development of sex-linked behaviors, aggression, and peer interac- tion; and “moral” or “altruistic” development (i.e., the kinds of behavior underlying the phenomena studied by Frank).

O n each topic, MacDonald shows that an evolu- tionary perspective makes it possible to integrate competing theories while developing and testing em- pirical hypotheses. Not only is traditional learning theory inadequate to explain many psychological processes observed during individual development, but without an evolutionary perspective it is hard to explain cultural variation in parenting and social behavior. Moreover, as his last chapter illustrates, consideration of contextual and ecolocical factors ” makes it possible to address such questions as the role of socialization in contemporary industrial so- cieties, as well as in Stalinist Russia, Nazi Germany, and ancient Sparta.

209 JUNE 1990 NEW BIOLOGICAL BOOKS

As with any ambitious textbook, one can easily find flaws. MacDonald is not as lucid a writer as Frank (though perhaps this is inevitable, given the type of book he has written). While recent work in cognitive neuroscience is by no means absent, it receives less emphasis than the explosion of fasci- nating research on neuroanatomy and neurochem- istry might justify (but then, if MacDonald had followed this route, would traditional social psychol- ogists be more hostile to his work?). Just as Frank’s Passions within Reason may be limited by the degree to which formal models can encompass the richness and variety of human social behavior, MacDonald’s

Social and Personality Development has the inevitable defects of trying to cover empirical research focused on precisely this richness and diversity.

One conclusion transcends the merits or poten- tial defects in either book. Frank and MacDonald, together with an increasing number of social scien- tists, have bridged the gulf between their own dis- ciplines and evolutionary biology, enhancing our un- derstanding of human nature and culture. This should be a welcome development to biologists who -after decades of miscomprehension- can now find some colleagues in other disciplines who speak the same scientific language.

How Has Faith Influenced Your Life Thus Far And What Will You Add To The Continued Conversation Of Faith On Campus? (Essay Sample)

I was christened as a Christian four years ago I was a Christian My grandma and aunt are Christians I started out as a church member with them and later I learned the Bible I feel full of love for everything I want Learning to decide to become a Christian I am grateful to my grandma Yes He made me realize that the Christian faith has really changed me Many of the things that make me from timid to become cheerful and confident. I used to be afraid of myself or my family flying, but since I became a Christian, I began to pray, there is no fear. I think every good thing I do God knows I thank my family

source..

Explain and Analyse why nurses need to be accountability for own action.

Explain, define, analyse why responsibility can be shared but accountability can not be shared.

Define RN definitions of a nurse

Find definitions here:

ANFM- Australian nursing and midwifery federation
APRAH boards

Define accountability

Is accountability and responsibility the same? Explain

-morals
-ethics
-values

Why RN’s SHOULD be accountable. Explain and Analyse why nurses need to be accountability for own action.

2000 words

References within 7 years. APA6th

Place your order now for a similar paper and have exceptional work written by our team of experts to guarantee you A Results

Why Choose US

6+ years experience on custom writing

80% Return Client

Urgent 2 Hrs Delivery

Your Privacy Guaranteed

Unlimited Free Revisions

What is your definition of wellness, health and illness
Remembering the four concepts that guide the development of a nursing
philosophy, describe your nursing philosophy. Make sure the following
addressed in your written presentation:
a. What are characteristics of a nurse in your philosophy?
b. What is nursing (how do you define nursing)and how do you see nursing care being delivered?
c. What is your definition of wellness, health and illness?
d. Who constitute a client in nursing? In other words define client as it relates to your philosophy.
e. Discuss your philosophy from a global, cultural and local aspect. This should be an integrated discussion as you define and discuss item a, b, c and d.
f. How has your educational journey at college impacted on the development of this nursing philosophy?

Explain how the practice of medicine is becoming increasingly complex.

Explain how the practice of medicine is becoming increasingly complex. What does it mean for the amount of information people working in clinical settings are expected to know? How can technology be used to educate and update employees on the changing requirements for healthcare professionals?

Just a paragraph or two will do. Thank you

Place your order now for a similar paper and have exceptional work written by our team of experts to guarantee you A Results

Why Choose US

6+ years experience on custom writing
80% Return Client
Urgent 2 Hrs Delivery
Your Privacy Guaranteed
Unlimited Free Revisions

Written assignment of 2500 words
Students are asked to outline a case example, involving a person they have worked with, or are currently working with; with a focus on social factors in the lives of the person identified. Students need also to reflect on how they facilitated and enabled the individual towards the optimum of their self-care/self-management, with a focus on social need. The work must include the following:
An introduction;
A description of what occurred;
Discussion of social factors according to the experiences of the
service user;
A conclusion;
The use of relevant literature

Place your order now for a similar paper and have exceptional work written by our team of experts to guarantee you A Results

Why Choose US

6+ years experience on custom writing
80% Return Client
Urgent 2 Hrs Delivery
Your Privacy Guaranteed
Unlimited Free Revisions

Business Management SWOT And Five Forces Analysis

it is time to complete the Porter’s Five Forces analysis. You will continue your research to address the elements of the Five Forces model. Remember, every team member will research the nutraceuticals and supplements industry to assess the external environment of the business. Then, you will complete a Five Forces analysis using the Five Forces Template. Make sure to thoroughly research and record the reasoning for the Five Forces elements and record the references for the source material.
Biotech Health and Life Products

Company Profile

Welcome to Biotech!

The assessment projects for this class will examine different facets of the leadership of

Biotech Health and Life Products, Inc. You will be exploring leadership within Biotech

with the driving question of “what skills does a Biotech leader need to lead the company

now and in the future?”

History

Wilford Barney was a young apprentice working for Peter Ulan, owner of a small apothecary shop in Yonkers, New York. During his apprenticeship, Barney created a general energy elixir that was based on a home remedy of his mother’s back in Ireland. The elixir was produced specifically for many of Ulan’s special customers. Made of all natural ingredients the elixir provided B12 and other vitamins to promote a healthy immune system. The energy boost was noticeable after only a week’s use. The reputation of the elixir grew. In 1922, Barney took over Ulan’s apothecary shop renaming the business, Barney’s Apothecary. At that time, Barney decided to bottle his elixir and sell the formula to everyone rather than selected customers. Barney also gave bottles of the elixir to local peddlers who sold the product along with their wares receiving a commission on each bottle they sold. By 1929, the product was well known in Yonkers. Encouraged by the success in Yonkers Barney decided to branch out to New York City. In 1932, Barney built a small manufacturing plant near the store where he mixed and bottled the elixir for sale. By 1934, Barney expanded sales by putting the elixir in a quarter of the apothecary shops in New York City. Sales were booming and customers inquired about other products that Barney’s had. In 1936, Barney started a new product called Night Relief, another of his mother’s recipes. This product offered relief from night sweats and anxiety caused by menopausal symptoms or nerves. When this product proved a “secret success” with the ladies, Barney decided to bring his mother, Irene, from Ireland, and put her to work making new natural products. With his mother’s help, Barney grew the business into a small but successful manufacturer of natural “life products”. Barney coined “life products” because the products tracked natural life events in the human body and attempted to improve the customer’s discomfort in dealing with them. The name of the company was changed to Barney’s Elixir and Life Products. The business continued to grow and with his mother’s death in 1938 the company had a gross revenue of $178,000 a year. The depression took a toll on company profits but people

still needed the boosts to their health and were able to afford Barney’s products as opposed to the medicine offered by doctors and hospitals. During World War II the company supplied the troops with a natural caffeine (Stay Clear) product that would keep soldiers awake for long periods of time and heighten their mental alertness. Government contracts derived from Stay Clear boosted the revenue of the company considerably and ushered in a new wave of interest of natural products. By 1950 Barney turned over the reins of the daily operations of the business to his children but remained on the Board of his family owned company. By this time, the company had expanded its manufacturing plants and sales nationally to include Detroit, Michigan, Los Lunas, New Mexico, Chicago, Illinois and Atlanta, Georgia. The revenue of the company was now close to 2.5 million dollars. In the 1960’s the social climate in America had changed and pharmaceutical companies took on greater importance in the treatment of people’s health. The discovery of new drugs and better health care shifted the confidence in the American perspective away from natural products to traditional western medicine. Although the counter culture of America still supported natural supplements, popularity for Barney’s products waned. In 1965, Wilford’s granddaughter, Geraldine, took over the Research and Development Department (R&D) after receiving a degree in chemistry from Harvard. She had been trained as a child by her grandmother, Wilford’s mother, and knew how the recipes should look. However, she had new ideas and with the approach of the 1970’s, was ready to join the “Anjolie perfume commercial” lifestyle depiction of a 70’s women that “they could bring home the bacon and fry it up too.” Due to the downturn in sales by 1970, the company turned to other countries for its sales base. Starting in Germany and other European countries where natural products are highly credible, Barney began to license the sale of the company’s products to local manufacturers. The name recognition grew and by the 1980’s the company was grossing over 4 million dollars in gross sales. The company moved to overseas operations and manufactured in Germany. Wilford Barney died in 1981 shortly after seeing his first grandchild, Maximillian Barney, take over the President’s positon of the company. Studying the trends in the 1990’s about the resurgence of natural health products “Max” as he liked to be called, decided it was time for Barney’s to focus on the new interest in homeopathic and natural products especially at home in America where sales were static. In 1996, Max, wanting to get a sleeker and more modern feel to the company’s products changed the company name and logo. No longer was Barney’s a mom and pop operation but now were part of the Biotech nutraceutical market. Barney’s Elixir and Life Products was now Biotech Health and Life Products. While the products would continue to show the old Barney logo, for name recognition the new logo would take prominence on the packaging. By 2000 the company was grossing about 1.1 billion in sales with an increase in market share. By 2012, Biotech had a 20% market share of the supplement business with

approximately $20 billion in sales. The growing interest in the bio-nutraceutical marketplace was catching the attention of the big pharmaceutical companies. Glaxo, Merke and Dupont began a massive shift to the new biotech business products. Currently sales for the company are at $35 billion. Maximillian Barney is still President and CEO. The stock is still held by the family and all senior management positions are held by family members. Current Company Vision: To help provide everyone with the healthiest life possible in the most natural of ways. Current Mission: To develop products that are safe, effective, affordable and natural with the customer’s health always their primary goal.

Current Fact Sheet

Headquarters Yonkers, New York Worldwide web address www.biotechlife.com President Maximillian Barney 2016 Gross Sales US$ 35 billion Employees 35,000 in 6 countries worldwide Manufacturer Operations United States Detroit, Michigan, Los Lunas, New Mexico, Chicago,

Illinois and Atlanta, Georgia

Europe Wittllch, Germany, Baltimore, Ireland Asia Pacific Melbourne, Australia Latin America and Caribbean Sao Paulo, Brazil Canada Product Lines Major Competitors

Alberta, Canada Protein and Fitness; Personal Care, Nutraceuticals, Vitamins and Food Supplements Protein and Fitness-GNC,

Personal Care- Nestle Skin Care- Galderma, SA; Glaxo, Merke, General Mills.

Vitamins and Food Supplements- GNC, Natures Plus, Natrol, Nature’s Way, Nature’s Bounty, Hain Celestial Group, Inc, Schiff Nutrition International, Nestle, General Mills, Now Foods and New Chapter

Current Business Philosophy

Biotech has determined its long-term goal planning pattern should be no longer than 3 years. Three years seems more flexible than the seven year planning pattern previously used as change in the business climate is making it imperative to be more flexible. The need for innovation and competitive advantage ideas are the main focus for the next two years along with the company’s commitment to becoming a triple bottom line company. Sustainability both for profit and planet is foremost in the minds of the leadership. The development of a triple bottom line company is in the best interest of the company because of the need to keep a strong natural product image link to the community and the desire for the company to be socially responsible. Protection of the suppliers and control over product quality is critical to the development of a sound “life product.”

Current Growth Plans Business and Sales Biotech is looking to expand to Saudi Arabia in the next year. Currently products sold through European division but demand is great in the Arab countries. Although the company would like to sell in Israel as well, Arab countries are seen as a more lucrative expansion opportunity. Expansion of the production capacity in Sao Paulo is being considered as company can no longer keep up with sales projections. Product Development Biotech is looking to develop its cosmetic and food lines. The company currently has lip balms but seeks to make a line of lipsticks, foundation, powder, eye makeup and cleaners made from natural ingredients. Development of natural flavorings and whey products are under consideration.

Current Eco Sustainability Commitments Currently, Biotech has commitments to build housing for several communities in Brazil and India where natural pharmaceutical ingredients are produced. The program reflects the company’s strong commitment to making the company a triple bottom line company by the year 2021.

Innovation and Adaptability Development of organizational structure and culture changes are being made to introduce more collaborative decision making as well as bringing the divisions closer together in the area of shared resources and communication. The emphasis is to encourage the exchange of ideas, create an environment that fosters new ideas and makes change easier in their implementation. Biotech is concerned that the stateside organization is driving the other overseas divisions and that new ideas are being encouraged because of the cultural differences in staff. Customer innovation workshops run by the various divisions have highlighted that R&D in Europe and Australia see differences in customer preferences from US customer preferences. It is believed that US controlled resources

are ignoring these product preferences and are thus impeding sales overseas. Corporate leaders are trying to examine how to answer this cultural gap.

Current Corporate Culture Being a family owned business, Barney’s new image has made the family a little less cohesive since it seeks to be a sleeker less clan like organization. Still the family leaders are committed to keeping the family history as a symbol for the company. It is believed that the family cultural connection gives support to collaborative decision making something company has been successful in promoting throughout the organization. It is also seen by the owners that their family his helping the family that makes up their customers. The family wants to encourage a customer centric culture, one which allows employees to see everything through the perspective of the customer and to make decisions with the customer’s view always paramount. Further, there would be a companywide accountability to the customer in all departments. The want a workforce that gives an extraordinary customer experience in every product it makes.

Current Organizational Structure This company has a geographical division structure. However, within each division is a functional structure with production and sales at the hub. R&D, HR, IT and Finance have small staff in each division whose primary job is to liaison with headquarters to implement the decisions made by them. Above all the Divisions is the President and CEO Maximillian Barney Housed in headquarters is the R&D, HR, IT, and Finance Divisions

Executive Director South America

Division

Executive Director North American

Division

Executive Director European Division

Executive Directive Asia Division

Giles Hartford